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Third-party payment for non-therapeutic or unnecessary medical procedures encourages the performance of such services, simply so the attending physician can collect a fee.
Third-party payment for injurious medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic child [[circumcision]] in the United States keeps the incidence of non-therapeutic circumcision of children higher than any other industrial nation. <ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350799429_Circumcision_Incidence_in_Mississippi |archived= |title=Circumcision Incidence in Mississippi |trans-title= |language= |last=Hill |first=George |author-link= |publisher=Research Gate |website= |date=2021-04 |accessdate=2021-04-14 |format=PDF |quote=Depending on the accuracy of the assumptions, these figures may indicate that cessation of Medicaid payments and other third-party payments is a highly effective way to reduce the incidence of harmful non-therapeutic circumcision and to improve male health and well-being. (1) (PDF) Circumcision Incidence in Mississippi. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350799429_Circumcision_Incidence_in_Mississippi [accessed Apr 14 2021].}}</ref> The only party to benefit from such third-party payments is the receiving physician, or hospital.
The physicians that most commonly perform non-therapeutic infant circumcisions are obstetricians, pediatricians, and family doctors. They formed an agreement in 2007 to produce a new statement with the AAP as the lead. It was published in 2012 but was poorly received because of its evident omissions of facts. The AAP statement was not re-affirmed is accordance with AAP policy, so it expired on August 31, 2017.