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→Circumcision trauma: Improve citation.
== Birth trauma ==
De Mause (1996) argued that early trauma results in aggressive adult behavior.<ref name="demause1996">{{REFjournal |last=deMause |first=Lloyd |init= |author-link= |etal=no |title=Restaging Fetal Traumas in War and Social Violence |journal=Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal |location= |date=1996 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=344-92 |url=http://www.mattes.de/buecher/praenatale_psychologie/PP_PDF/PP_08_2_deMause.pdf |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=11609155 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2024-04-03}}</ref> Jacobsen & Bygdeman (1998) reported an association between birth trauma and adult suicide.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Jacobsen
|first=
== Circumcision trauma ==
There are no medical indications for infant [[circumcision]],<ref>{{REFbook |last=Committee on Fetus and Newborn |first= |init= |year=1971 |title=Standards and Recommendation for Hospital Care of Newborn infants. 5th ed. |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1971 |scope= |location=Evanston |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |ISBN= |accessdate=2024-04-03 }}</ref> which is a [[Pain| painful]] non-therapeutic, medically-unnecessary invasive amputative surgery. Infant circumcision still occurs more than 2,000 times a day in the [[United States]]. Circumcision trauma includes ''both'' physical trauma and psychic trauma.<ref name="boyle2002">{{BoyleGJ GoldmanR SvobodaJS FernandezE 2002}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Aydoğdu
|first=
|DOI=10.31234/osf.io/4yv62
|accessdate=2023-02-25
}}</ref>
[[Dan Bollinger| Bollinger]] (2023) reported a preliminary survey comparing [[intact]] and [[circumcised]] men using the ACE test. The [[circumcised]] men had higher ACE scores than the [[intact]] men. Bollinger has called for additional study to determine if male genital cutting (circumcision) should be classified as an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| Adverse Childhood Experience]].<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal
|last=Bollinger
|init=D
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|last2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
|url=https://kindredmedia.org/2023/02/adverse-childhood-experiences-dysfunctional-households-and-circumcision/
|title=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, and Circumcision.
|journal=Kindred
|date=2023-02-28
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=
|accessdate=2023-03-01
}}</ref>
}}
Boyle & Ramos (2019) reported [[PTSD]] in [[circumcised]] boys in the Philippine Islandswhere [[Tuli]] remains the usual practice.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Boyle
|first=Gregory J.
|accessdate=2023-05-18
}}</ref> Consent by a surrogate for a non-therapeutic circumcision is an unethical practice.
== Video ==<b>Circumcision: Trauma, Psychological Effects, Cultural Beliefs</b><youtube>v=lNItNHs9PR8&list=PLmrnvFzPoEloNFlh1lNKzig41vqprZnoc&index=1</youtube>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumstraint]]
|date=
|accessdate=2022-11-20
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://iaim.net/extreme-trauma-from-male-circumcision-causes-damage-to-areas-of-brain/#:~:text=Based%20on%20MRI%20data%20collected,and%20frontal%20and%20temporal%20lobes.
|title=Extreme trauma from male circumcision causes damage to areas of the brain
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=International Association of Infant Massage.
|date=2016-02-17
|accessdate=2024-03-14
}}
* {{REFweb
|date=2023-12-17
|accessdate=2023-12-31
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/timeline-of-circumcision-suffering/
|title=A Timeline of Circumcision Suffering: A Detailed Look
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-02-02
|accessdate=2024-02-09
}}
{{REF}}