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wikify PEPFAR
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'''UNICEF''' promotes the [[circumcision]] of children in violation of international [[human rights]] law as [[HIV ]] prevention policy.<ref>{{REFweb
|quote=[...] the Government and UNICEF are working together to introduce infant male circumcision [...]
|last=
{{Citation
|Title=
|Text=Young people everywhere need accurate and relevant information about sexual and reproductive health and [[HIV ]] transmission, as well as opportunities to build risk-reduction skills. They also need access to appropriate [[HIV ]] prevention services, including voluntary counseling and testing, harm reduction, sexual and reproductive health services, PMTCT and <span style="background:#d7f5ff">male circumcision</span>, and to commodities including condoms.
|Author=
|Source=UNICEF
|date=2011-03-04
|publisher=Science Speaks: HIV & TB News
|quote=The Ministry of Health, supported principally by UNICEF and [[PEPFAR]], is currently working to introduce and scale up neonatal circumcision.
|accessdate=2011-05-06
}}</ref>
Point of Interest: In recent studies, [[HIV ]] transmission was found to be more prevalent in circumcised males in Swaziland. The drive to circumcise the majority of Swazi men continues none the less.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=
|first=
|pages=
|url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR202/FR202.pdf
|quote=As Table 14.10 shows, the relationship between [[HIV ]] prevalence and circumcision status is not in the expected direction. Circumcised men have a slightly higher [[HIV ]] infection rate than men who are not circumcised (22 percent compared with 20 percent)
|accessdate=2011-05-06
}}</ref>
|accessdate=2021-07-18
}}</ref>
==Circumcision does not prevent HIV infection==
=== Population-based studies ===
{{Population-based studies}}
===Two African surveys===
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
<blockquote>
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michel
|init=M
|author-link=Michel Garenne
|title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
|date=2022-04-04
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|volume=online ahead of print
|pages=1-16
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
|pubmedID=35373731
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
<blockquote>
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michael
|init=M
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|location=
|date=2022-10-26
|season=
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=1-13
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=36286328
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref></blockquote>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumcision and HIV]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/hivaids/
|title=HIV/AIDS
|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision(D.O.C.)]]
|website=
|date=2020
|quote=
}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:OrganizationsOrganization]]
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]