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== No Clear Pattern of Association ==
{{Citation
|Title=Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys
|Text=There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher.
|Author=
|Source=
|ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref>
}}
wikify PEPFAR
[[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]]
In a February 2009 report produced by '''USAID''', a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have [[HIV ]] in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>{{REFnews
|last=USAID
|first=
|quote=Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with [[HIV ]] status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for [[HIV ]] Prevention."<ref>{{REFweb
|last=
|first=
== Accelerated Saturation Initiative ==
In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as [[HIV ]] prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>{{REFnews
|last=
|first=
== Voluntary Male Medical Circumcision ==
USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program]]program: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>{{REFweb |quote=USAID/Kenya’s [[HIV]]/[[AIDS ]] program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ([[PEPFAR]]). PEPFAR, a This five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State.
|last=
|first=
|accessdate=2011-04-28
}} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.</ref>
== C-Change ==
}}</ref>
One issue of C-Change's publication included a study measuring media coverage of circumcision as [[HIV ]] prevention and strategies for keeping media reports positive.<ref name='C-Channel 2009-12'>{{REFweb
|quote=Print media reporting of male circumcision for preventing HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa
|last=Wang Al a; Duke W b; Schmid GP b
|accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref>
== Medical evidence shows circumcision is ineffective at preventing HIV infection ==
{{Citation
|Title=Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys
|Text=There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and [[HIV]] prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, [[HIV]] prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher.
|Author=
|Source=
|ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref>
}}
== Circumcision does not prevent HIV infection ==
=== Population-based studies ===
{{Population-based studies}}
===Two African surveys===
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
<blockquote>
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michel
|init=M
|author-link=Michel Garenne
|title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
|date=2022-04-04
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|volume=online ahead of print
|pages=1-16
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
|pubmedID=35373731
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
<blockquote>
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michael
|init=M
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|location=
|date=2022-10-26
|season=
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=1-13
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=36286328
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref></blockquote>
== Criticism ==
The [[VMMC Experience Project]] has published a massive, illustrated 153-page report on VMMC in Africa for the United Nations.<ref name="fish2019">{{REFdocument
|title=Circumcision Campaigns: African experience and human rights: The U.N. Report
|trans-title=
|language=
|url=https://www.vmmcproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/VMMC-UN-Report.pdf
|archived=
|contribution=
|quote=
|trans-quote=
|quote-lang=
|last=Fish
|first=Max
|author-link=Max Fish
|publisher=VMMC Experience Project
|location=
|format=PDF
|date=2019-05-07
|accessdate=2021-05-15
}}</ref>
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/hivaids/
|archived=
|title=HIV/AIDS
|trans-title=
|language=English
|last=
|first=
|author-link=
|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
|website=
|date=2020
|accessdate=2020-07-16
|format=
|quote=
}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:OrganizationsOrganization]]
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]