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wikify Lallemand
One may be certain that the eighteenth century [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/founding-fathers/ Founding Fathers of the United States] of America were men with [[intact]] [[Foreskin| foreskins]] as were the [[foreskinned]] men who fought the American Civil War (1861-1865).
Non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of males for non-religious reasons originated with [[Claude-Francois François Lallemand ]] in 1832 1836 in France but soon spread to the [[United Kingdom]] in the early nineteenth century, from which it eventually spread to other English-speaking nations.
===Late nineteenth century===
The British journal, ''The Lancet'', published reports of two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were carried out in sub-Saharan Africa which purported to prove that male circumcision was protective against infection with HIV. The American Academy of Pediatrics consulted with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ([[ACOG]]) and the American College of Family Physicians ([[AAFP]]) (those being the medical trade associations that represent the specialties that perform most non-therapeutic infant circumcisions and make most of the money from the performance of the non-therapeutic amputation). The three associations determined to make common cause to produce a position statement that would promote male circumcision based on its alleged protection against HIV infection. The AAP was to take the lead, but ACOG and AAFP provided representatives to the new [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012| AAP task force]], of which New York Jewess [[Susan Blank]], {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, was the chairwoman. This new task force did not publish a statement until 2012. The AAP declined to re-affirm the statement so it expired in August 2017.
[[Dan Bollinger |Bollinger]] (2010) estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related deaths occur annually in the United States.<ref name="bollinger2010">{{BollingerD 2010}}</ref>
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported an incidence of newborn circumcision of 58.3 percent in 2010.<ref name="cdc2015">{{REFweb
|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/circumcision_2013/circumcision_2013.htm
|title=Trends in Circumcision for Male Newborns in U.S. Hospitals: 1979–2010
|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
|website=cdc.gov
|date=2015-11-06
|accessdate=2021-10-16
}}</ref>
The AAP, lead by the [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012]], finally published the [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Fifth_policy_.282012.29| fifth circumcision policy statement]] in the September 2012 issue of ''Pediatrics''. The [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Criticism| adverse criticism]] was overwhelming.
[[Dan Bollinger |Bollinger]] (2012) estimated that the total cost of non-therapeutic male circumcision, including hospital costs, repair of botched circumcisions, treatment of complications, and so on is more than $3 billion per year,<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb
|url=https://www.academia.edu/6442587/High_Cost_of_Circumcision_3.6_Billion_Annually
|title=High Cost of Circumcision: $3.6 Billion Annually
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|publisher=Academia
|date=2012
|accessdate=2020-11-25
Professor [[Peter W. Adler]], {{JD}}, (2013) argued that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is unlawful.<ref name="adler2013">{{REFjournal
The ill-fated 2012 AAP Circumcision Policy Statement expired on August 31, 2017 because it was not reaffirmed.
[[Dan Bollinger|Bollinger]] (2019) discussed circumcision as an adverse childhood experience,<ref name-"bollinger2019">{{REFdocument
|title=Child genital cutting as an adverse childhood experience
|url=http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net/CGC_as_an_ACE.pdf
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
|date=2019-08
|accessdate=2021-04-02
}}</ref>
[[Peter W. Adler|Adler]], [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]], Wisdom & Daase (2020) examined male non-therapeutic circumcision as fraud.<ref name="adler2020">{{REFjournal
* [[Financial incentive]]
{{LINKS}}
These documents by [[Bollinger ]] are included here because they contain significant information about the United States:
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.academia.edu/23494197/Infant_Male_Genital_Cutting_Incidence_Worldwide
|title=Infant Male Genital Cutting Incidence Worldwide
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
|author-link=Dan Bollinger |publisher= |website=https://www.academia.eduAcademia
|date=2017-05-19
|accessdate=2021-10-21
|format=PDF
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Bollinger
|init=D
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321837170_Origins_of_the_Intactivist_Movement_A_Masculine_Foundation
|title=Origins of the intactivist movement: A masculine foundation
|journal=
|date=2017-11-17
|accessdate=2021-10-14
}}