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==History==Jews have lived The United States is unique in America since before having a medical industry that aggressively promotes the Revolutionary War. They have always practiced practice of medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic infant [[Jewish circumcision| ritual circumcision]], ([[Brit Milah]]), . The decline of boys on the eighth day unnecessary practice has been slowed by continual encouragement and promotion of life in accordance with circumcision by the [[Abrahamic covenant]]medical industry. However, however this was only for a very small percentage the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of the populationboys is now in decline.
One may be certain that Despite the eighteenth century [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/foundingfinancially self-fathers/ Founding Fathers serving promotional efforts of the United States] circumcision industry, the incidence of America were men with [[intact]] [[Foreskin| foreskins]] as were the [[foreskinned]] men who fought the American Civil War (1861-1865). Nonnon-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of males for non-religious reasons originated with [[Claude François Lallemand]] in 1836 in France but soon spread infant boys was reported to have continued its slow decline to the [[United Kingdom]] 52.1 percent in the early nineteenth century, from which it eventually spread to other English-speaking nations2016.<ref name="jacobson2021">{{REFjournal |last=Jacobson |first=Deborah L. |init= |author-link=Late nineteenth century |last2=Balmert |first2=Lauren C. |init2=The late nineteenth century was characterized by various medical doctors advancing all sorts of absurd reasons for the performance of non |author2-therapeutic circumcisionlink= |last3=Holl |first3=Jane L. |init3=The first recorded non |author3-religious circumcision of a boy in the United States occurred in 1870 when [[Lewis Albert Sayre]], a prominent New York City doctor, circumcised a boy of five years of age for paralysis. [[Lewis Albert Sayrelink= |last4=Rosoklija |first4=Ilina |Sayre]] then continued to advocate circumcision for numerous reasons until his death in 1900. According to [[Lewis Albert Sayreinit4= |Sayre]], circumcision was recommended for paralysis, epilepsy, hernia, lunacy, curvature of the spine, and clubfoot.author4-link= |last5=Davis |first5=Matthew M. J |init5= |author5-link= |last6=Johnson |first6Emilie K. Moses (1871) advocated circumcision to prevent [[masturbation]].<ref name |init6= |author6-link="moses1871">{{REFjournal |lastetal=Mosesno |inittitle=MJNationwide Circumcision Trends: 2003 to 2016 |trans-title=The value of circumcision as a hygienic and therapeutic measure |language= |journal=New York Medical JournalJ Urol |location= |date=18712021-1101 |volume=14205 |issue=41 |article= |page= |pages=368257-7463 |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1097/JU.0000000000001316 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=32716676 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000001316 |accessdate=2021-10-15}}</ref>
SeventhNon-day Adventist therapeutic [[John Harvey Kelloggcircumcision]], {{MD}}, of Battle Creek, Michigan, was an important 19th century promoter of male circumcision. Although masturbation is never mentioned males for non-religious reasons originated with [[Claude François Lallemand]] in 1836 in France but soon spread to the Bible, Dr. Kellogg believed that [[masturbationUnited Kingdom]] was immoral, sinful, and caused one to dream "impure dreams"in the early nineteenth century, from which he believed was harmful it eventually spread to the mental faculties, resulting in mental disorders, such as feeblemindness.<ref name="kellogg1879">{{REFbook |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19924/19924-h/19924-h.htm |title=Plain Facts for Old and Young: Natural History and Hygiene of Organic Life (Sex, Marriage & Society Series) |last=Kellogg |first=John Harvey |authorother English-link=John Harvey Kellogg |publisher=Ayer Publishing |website=Gutenberg |year=1888 |accessdate=2021-10-03}}</ref> He believed that the urge to masturbate could be prevented by eating bland foods, for which purpose, he and his brother invented corn flakesspeaking nations.
Dr. Kellogg (1879) also recommended [[===Late nineteenth century===The late nineteenth century was characterized by various medical doctors advancing all sorts of absurd reasons for the performance of non-therapeutic circumcision]] in cases "in which irritation is produced by retained secretions".<ref name="kellogg1879" />
DrThe first recorded non-religious circumcision of a boy in the United States occurred in 1870 when [[Lewis Albert Sayre]], a prominent New York City doctor, circumcised a boy of five years of age for paralysis. Kellogg perhaps is most famous [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Sayre]] then continued to advocate circumcision for numerous reasons until his bookdeath in 1900. According to [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Sayre]], ''Plain facts circumcision was recommended for young and old'' (1879)paralysis, epilepsy, hernia, lunacy, in which he advocated circumcision curvature of boys as punishment for masturbationthe spine, and clubfoot.<ref name="kellogg1879" />
[[William GM. J. Eggleston]], {{MA}}, {{MD}}, from Chicaco, {{USSC|IL}}, Moses (18861871) stated that advocated circumcision to prevent [[foreskinmasturbation]] of minors and the natural "phimosis" in minors would cause crossed eyes.<ref name="eggleston1886moses1871">{{Eggleston1886}}REFjournal</ref> |last=Moses |init=MJDr. [[William D. Gentry]] (1890) alleged that [[Retraction |title=The value of the foreskincircumcision as a hygienic and therapeutic measure | phimosis in boys]] produces serious nervous derangements.<ref namejournal="gentry1890">{{REFjournalNew York Medical Journal |lastdate=Gentry1871-11 |firstvolume=William D.14 |initissue=WD4 |authorpages=368-link=William D. Gentry74 |titleurl=Nervous Derangements Produced by Sexual Irregularities in Boys |journalquote=Medical Current |datepubmedID=1890-07 |volumepubmedCID=6 |issueDOI=7 |pagesaccessdate=268-74
Remondino clearly was highly intelligentDr. He mastered EnglishKellogg perhaps is most famous for his book, started medical school at age 17''Plain facts for young and old'' (1879), treated wounded soldiers during the Civil War, and later moved to San Diego in which he advocated circumcision of boys as punishment for his healthmasturbation.<ref name="kellogg1879" />
After moving to San Diego[[William G. Eggleston]], he practiced medicine{{MA}}, served as an officer {{MD}}, from Chicaco, {{USSC|IL}}, (1886) stated that [[foreskin]] of several medical societies, minors and other regulatory agenciesthe natural "phimosis" in minors would cause crossed eyes.<ref name="eggleston1886">{{Eggleston1886}}</ref>
Remondino is famous for his 346 page book, ''The History of Circumcision''Dr. [[William D. Gentry]] (18911890)alleged that [[Retraction of the foreskin| phimosis in boys]] produces serious nervous derangements.<ref name="remondino1891gentry1890">{{REFbookREFjournal |last=RemondinoGentry |first=Peter CharlesWilliam D. |author-linkinit=Peter Charles RemondinoWD |yearauthor-link=1891William D. Gentry |title=History of Circumcision |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23135/23135-h/23135-h.htmNervous Derangements Produced by Sexual Irregularities in Boys |pagesjournal=Medical Current |locationdate=Philadelphia1890-07 |publishervolume=F. A. Davis6 |websiteissue=Welcome Collection7 |accessdatepages=2021268-09-2974 }}</ref>
When Remondino discussed the [[foreskinElizabeth Blackwell]], he used the most horrific{{MD}}, ({{LifeData|1821|1910}}), derogatorywas born in England, and disparaging languagebut attended medical school in the United States. She was the first woman to become a medical doctor in the United States. Blackwell thought masturbation was immoral but that circumcision was not the way to correct it. He devoted thirteen chapters She wrote against it in her 1894 book:<blockquote>Appeals to the alleged evils and faults fears of uninstructed parents on the grounds of cleanliness or of hardening the foreskinpart are entirely fallacious and unsupported by evidence. It is not clear why he had such an extreme dislike for a physiological fact that the natural lubricating secretion of every healthy part is beneficial, not injurious to the part thus protected, and functional body that no attempt to render a sensitive partinsensitive is either practicable or justifiable. His recommendation, The protection which nature affords to these parts is an aid to physical purity by affording necessary protection against constant external contact of coursea part which necessarily remains keenly sensitive; and bad habits in boys and girls cannot by prevented by surgical operations. Where no malformation exists, was for [[Adolescent bad habits can only be forestalled by healthy moral and adult circumcisionphysical education.<ref>{{REFbook |first=Elizabeth |last=Blackwell |author-link=Elizabeth Blackwell |title=The Human Element in Sex; being a Medical Inquiry into the Relation of Sexual Physiology to Christian Morality |url=https://archive.org/details/B20442622/page/n9/mode/2up |edition=2 |year=1894 |pages=35-36 |location=London | circumcision]]publisher=J.& A.Churchill}}</ref></blockquote>
By the end of the nineteenth centuryRemondino clearly was highly intelligent. He mastered English, America had started medical school at least one prominent physician and surgeon on age 17, treated wounded soldiers during the east coast promoting circumcision Civil War, and another prominent physician and surgeon on the west coast promoting circumcision. There was no real medical science with which later moved to dispute and discredit their false claims. Non-therapeutic circumcision of males was now well-established in the United StatesSan Diego for his health.
===Early twentieth century===The early twentieth century is characterized by advocacy After moving to San Diego, he practiced medicine, served as an officer of circumcision based on false claims to prevent cancer several medical societies, and sexually transmitted (venereal) disease; and by the involvement of the United States military services in the promotion of circumcisionother regulatory agencies.
Add information on doctor circumcision.
The '''United States of America''' are also known as the '''United States''' or simply '''America''' or by initialism such as '''USA''' or '''US''' or '''U.S.A.''' or '''U.S.''' (Please note that ''America'' also is the name of two geological continents: ''North America'' and ''South America'' which include many more countries than just the ''United States of America'' which are the topic of this article. See also: [[:Category:Americas]].)
America is predominantly an English-speaking nation. As in other English-speaking nations, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of boys was popularized in the late nineteenth century, however, . Due to the practice rates of non-therapeutic infant circumcision that formery approached 90 percent, the vast majority of boys is now in decline. The decline of the unnecessary practice has been slowed by continual encouragement [[Circumcised doctors| male doctors were neonatally circumcised]] and promotion have no real knowledge of circumcision by the medical industry. The United States is unique in having a medical industry that aggressively promotes the practice of medically-unnecessary infant circumcisionnormal body part.
==History==Jews have lived in America since before the Revolutionary War. They have always practiced [[Jewish circumcision| ritual circumcision]], ([[HBrit Milah]]), of boys on the eighth day of life in accordance with the [[Abrahamic covenant]], however this was only for a very small percentage of the population. H One may be certain that the eighteenth century [https://www. Kanenationalgeographic.org/article/founding-fathers/ Founding Fathers of the United States] of America were men with [[intact]] [[Foreskin| foreskins]] as were the [[foreskinned]] men who fought the American Civil War (18791861-1865) 'discovers' that circumcision cures nocturnal emissions and abdominal neuralgia.<ref>{{Kane1879}}</ref>
}}</ref>
[[Elizabeth BlackwellH. H. Kane]], (1879) 'discovers' that circumcision cures nocturnal emissions and abdominal neuralgia.<ref>{{MDKane1879}}</ref> Seventh-day Adventist [[John Harvey Kellogg]], ({{LifeData|1821|1910MD}}), of Battle Creek, Michigan, was born in England, but attended medical school in the United Statesan important 19th century promoter of male circumcision. She was the first woman to become a medical doctor Although masturbation is never mentioned in the United StatesBible, Dr. Blackwell thought Kellogg believed that [[masturbation ]] was immoral but that circumcision was not the way to correct it. She wrote against it in her 1894 book:<blockquote>Appeals to the fears of uninstructed parents on the grounds of cleanliness or of hardening the part are entirely fallacious and unsupported by evidence. It is a physiological fact that the natural lubricating secretion of every healthy part is beneficial, not injurious to the part thus protectedsinful, and that no attempt caused one to render a sensitive part insensitive is either practicable or justifiable. The protection dream "impure dreams", which nature affords he believed was harmful to these parts is an aid to physical purity by affording necessary protection against constant external contact of a part which necessarily remains keenly sensitive; and bad habits the mental faculties, resulting in boys and girls cannot by prevented by surgical operations. Where no malformation existsmental disorders, bad habits can only be forestalled by healthy moral and physical educationsuch as feeblemindness.<refname="kellogg1879">{{REFbook |firsturl=Elizabethhttps://www.gutenberg.org/files/19924/19924-h/19924-h.htm |lasttitle=BlackwellPlain Facts for Old and Young: Natural History and Hygiene of Organic Life (Sex, Marriage & Society Series) |author-linklast=Elizabeth BlackwellKellogg |title=The Human Element in Sex; being a Medical Inquiry into the Relation of Sexual Physiology to Christian Morality |urlfirst=https://archive.org/details/B20442622/page/n9/mode/2upJohn Harvey |editionauthor-link=2John Harvey Kellogg |yearpublisher=1894Ayer Publishing |pageswebsite=35-36Gutenberg |locationyear=London1888 |publisheraccessdate=J.& A. Churchill2021-10-03}}</ref></blockquote>He believed that the urge to masturbate could be prevented by eating bland foods, for which purpose, he and his brother invented corn flakes.
Dr. Kellogg (1879) also recommended [[Peter Charles Remondinocircumcision]], {{MD}}, was a San Diego, California physician, who was born in Turin (''Torino'') in 1846, but migrated with his family to the United States at the age of eight. There is some reason to believe that he was of Sephardic Jewish descent and had been circumcised while still cases "in Turin, however this which irritation is uncertainproduced by retained secretions".<ref name="kellogg1879" />
[[H. L. RosenberryPeter Charles Remondino]], {{MD}}, was a San Diego, California physician, who was born in Turin (1894''Torino'') published a paper "proving" in 1846, but migrated with his family to the United States at the age of eight. There is some reason to believe that circumcision cures urinary he was of Sephardic Jewish descent and rectal incontinencehad been circumcised while still in Turin, however this is uncertain.<ref name="rosenberry1894">{{Rosenberry1894}}</ref>
Remondino is famous for his 346 page book, ''The History of Circumcision''(1891).<ref name="remondino1891">{{REFbook |last=Remondino |first=Peter Charles |author-link=Peter Charles Remondino |year=1891 |title=History of Circumcision |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23135/23135-h/23135-h.htm |pages= |location=Philadelphia |publisher=F. A. Davis |website=Welcome Collection |accessdate=2021-09-29 }}</ref> When Remondino discussed the [[foreskin]], he used the most horrific, derogatory, and disparaging language. He devoted thirteen chapters to the alleged evils and faults of the foreskin. It is not clear why he had such an extreme dislike for a natural and functional body part. His recommendation, of course, was for [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| circumcision]]. [[H. L. Rosenberry]], {{MD}}, (1894) published a paper "proving" that circumcision cures urinary and rectal incontinence.<ref name="rosenberry1894">{{Rosenberry1894}}</ref> By the end of the nineteenth century, America had at least one prominent physician and surgeon on the east coast promoting circumcision and another prominent physician and surgeon on the west coast promoting circumcision. There was no real medical science with which to dispute and discredit their false claims. Non-therapeutic circumcision of males was now well-established in the United States. ===Early twentieth century===The early twentieth century is characterized by advocacy of circumcision based on false claims to prevent cancer and sexually transmitted (venereal) disease; and by the involvement of the United States military services in the promotion of circumcision. [[Ernest G. Mark]] (1901) noted that the "pleasurable sensations that are elicited from the extremely sensitive" [[Ridged band|inner lining]] of the [[foreskin]] may encourage a child to [[Masturbation|masturbate]], which is why he recommended circumcision since it "lessens the sensitiveness of the organ".<ref>{{Mark1901}}</ref> Brimhall (1902) reported an amputation of a penis after circumcision.<ref name="brimhall1902">{{REFjournal
|last=Brimhall
|init=JB
}}</ref>
[[Christopher Fletcher]], M.D., (1998) conducted a survey of doctors in the United States who perform non-therapeutic circumcision of boys. Dr. Fletcher concluded his report in part:
<blockquote>
This study reveals that, across the country, American specialties that perform circumcisions are ignorant of the medical facts regarding the penile foreskin and in conjunction with hospitals and misinformed patients, attempt to justify and rationalise newborn male circumcision. In many cases, despite personal beliefs that circumcision is more harmful than beneficial, some physicians are unwilling to give up their participation in this almost uniquely American custom which many of them have personally experienced as infants.<ref name="fletcher1998!>{{REFbook
|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19
|chapter=[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19 Circumcision in America in 1998: Attitudes, Beliefs and Charges of American Physicians]
|first=Christopher R.
|last=Fletcher
|publisher=Kluwer/Plenum
|title=Male and Female Circumcision
|pages=259-71
|editors=George C. Denniston, Frederick Mansfield Hodges, Marilyn Fayre Milos
|year=1998
|accessdate=2021-10-21
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
The American Academy of Pediatrics had been acutely embarrassed by the faults of [[Edgar J. Schoen]]'s [http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1989 horrific circumcision policy statement], so a new task force was convened under the direction of Carole Marie Lannon, {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, to produce a new, more appropriate, and less embarrassing policy statement on non-therapeutic child circumcision. The new task force produced the [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Fourth_policy_.281999.29|Fourth Circumcision Policy Statement]].<ref name="aap1999">{{REFjournal
|last=Lannon
===Early twenty-first century===
The twenty-first century has been characterized by greater opposition to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys in the general population, the utter failure of the circumcision industry's vaunted new circumcision policy, and much more attention to legal and ethical issue issues relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.
Giannetti (2000) argued that scientific misconduct in the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] circumcision policy statements should expose the AAP to trade association liability.<ref name="gianetti2000">{{REFjournal
[[Dan Bollinger|Bollinger]] (2010) estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related deaths occur annually in the United States.<ref name="bollinger2010">{{BollingerD 2010}}</ref>
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ([[CDC]]) reported an incidence of newborn circumcision of 58.3 percent in 2010.<ref name="cdc2015">{{REFweb
|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/circumcision_2013/circumcision_2013.htm
|title=Trends in Circumcision for Male Newborns in U.S. Hospitals: 1979–2010
|accessdate=2020-11-25
}}</ref> of which the beneficiary is the American circumcision industry.
Doctors Opposing Circumcision (2013) provided evidence that the purpose of the 2012 AAP Circumcision Policy Statement was to get more money for doctors,<ref name="doc2013">{{REFdocument
|title=Commentary on American Academy of Pediatrics 2012 Circumcision Policy Statemeni
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/commentary-on-american-academy-of-pediatrics-2012-circumcision-policy-statement.pdf
|contribution=
|last=
|first=
|publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
|format=PDF
|date=2013-04-01
|accessdate=2021-10-21
}}</ref>
Professor [[Peter W. Adler]], {{JD}}, (2013) argued that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is unlawful.<ref name="adler2013">{{REFjournal
[[Jen Williams]] organized [[Your Whole Baby]] in 2014.
Doctors Opposing Circumcision commissioned a [https://www,doctorsopposingcircumcision.org new website] in 2016.
[[J. Steven Svoboda]] argued against non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="svoboda2017">{{REFjournal
}}</ref> Infant circumcision is a profit center for many American hospitals so parents are pushed to circumcise.
Jacobson et al. (2021) collected circumcision statistics from the Kids' Inpatient Database from 2002 to 2016. They reported that the incidence of circumcision had "neonatal circumcision rates decreased significantly over time" with 55 percent being circumcised, which translates to a genital integrity (intact) rate of 45 percent. The previous intact rate for the nation had been reported to be 41.7 percent in 2010, so this represents an improvement of 7.9 percent in the number of intact boys. The incidence of circumcision for the entire United States had declined to 52.1 percent at the end of the study period (2016), which indicates that 47.9 percent of boys born in that year are intact.<ref name="jacobson2021">{{REFjournal |last=Jacobson |first=Deborah L. |init= |author-link= |last2=Balmert |first2=Lauren C. |init2= |author2-link= |last3=Holl |first3=Jane L. |init3= |author3-link= |last4=Rosoklija |first4=Ilina |init4= |author4-link= |last5=Davis |first5=Matthew M. |init5= |author5-link= |last6=Johnson |first6Emilie K. |init6= |author6-link= |etal=no |title=Nationwide Circumcision Trends: 2003 to 2016 |trans-title= |language= |journal=J Urol |location= |date=2021-01 |volume=205 |issue=1 |article= |page= |pages=257-63 |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1097/JU.0000000000001316 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=32716676 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000001316 |accessdate=2021-10-15}}</ref>
In the Midwest, the incidence of circumcision had declined to 75 percent, which translates to a genital integrity rate increase to 25 percent or 1 in 4 boys having intact foreskins.<ref name="jacobson2021" /> The previous report from 2010 was one boy in five being intact, so this in an increase of 25 percent in the rate of intactness for the Midwest.
* [[Financial incentive]]
{{LINKS}}
These documents by [[Dan Bollinger]] are included here because they contain significant information about the United States:
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.academia.edu/23494197/Infant_Male_Genital_Cutting_Incidence_Worldwide