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}}</ref>
[[Christopher Fletcher]], M.D., (1998) conducted a survey of doctors in the United States who perform non-therapeutic circumcision of boys. Dr. Fletcher concluded his report in part:
<blockquote>
This study reveals that, across the country, American specialties that perform circumcisions are ignorant of the medical facts regarding the penile foreskin and in conjunction with hospitals and misinformed patients, attempt to justify and rationalise newborn male circumcision. In many cases, despite personal beliefs that circumcision is more harmful than beneficial, some physicians are unwilling to give up their participation in this almost uniquely American custom which many of them have personally experienced as infants.<ref name="fletcher1998!>{{REFbook
|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19
|chapter=[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19 Circumcision in America in 1998: Attitudes, Beliefs and Charges of American Physicians]
|first=Christopher R.
|last=Fletcher
|publisher=Kluwer/Plenum
|title=Male and Female Circumcision
|pages=259-71
|editors=George C. Denniston, Frederick Mansfield Hodges, Marilyn Fayre Milos
|year=1998
|accessdate=2021-10-21
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
The American Academy of Pediatrics had been acutely embarrassed by the faults of [[Edgar J. Schoen]]'s [http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1989 horrific circumcision policy statement], so a new task force was convened under the direction of Carole Marie Lannon, {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, to produce a new, more appropriate, and less embarrassing policy statement on non-therapeutic child circumcision. The new task force produced the [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Fourth_policy_.281999.29|Fourth Circumcision Policy Statement]].<ref name="aap1999">{{REFjournal
|last=Lannon