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→Confounding factors to Wiswell's work
* It is very possible that the use of surgical antiseptic (to kill pathogenic organisms during the circumcision procedure itself) was in part responsible for the slight reduction in bacteriuria observed in these studies. This possibility was not accounted for in the studies.
* No information on rooming-in or breastfeeding history for the infants before they were hospitalized was recorded. [[Breastfeeding ]] and rooming-in are important factors in the prevention of UTI.<ref name="Winberg 1989"/> (See above.)
* Breastfeeding is a major confounding factor in any study of the role of circumcision in UTI. The Wiswell studies and all other studies in the literature fail to control for the effects of breastfeeding. The AAP observes that "breastfeeding status has not been evaluated systematically in studies assessing UTI and circumcision status."<<ref name="Sreenarasimhaiah 1998"/>