Difference between revisions of "Psychological issues of male circumcision"
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So we see that circumcision has long been used to effect behavior change. | So we see that circumcision has long been used to effect behavior change. | ||
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| + | ==Profound lack of understanding of psychological issues== | ||
There was little awareness of emotional and psychological issues when child circumcision was being promoted in the late 19th century and early 20th century. For example, [[Douglas Gairdner]] made no mention at all of pain, behavior changes, or psychological issues in his landmark 1949 paper.<ref name="fate1949">{{REFjournal | There was little awareness of emotional and psychological issues when child circumcision was being promoted in the late 19th century and early 20th century. For example, [[Douglas Gairdner]] made no mention at all of pain, behavior changes, or psychological issues in his landmark 1949 paper.<ref name="fate1949">{{REFjournal | ||
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|DOI=10.1136/bmj.2.4642.1433 | |DOI=10.1136/bmj.2.4642.1433 | ||
|date=1949 | |date=1949 | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
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| − | + | Researchers in Britain and America noticed that male infants in America, where most males were circumcised in the 1970s behave differently from female infants, while male infants in Britain do not behave differently from female infants. Richards, Bernal, & Brackbill (1976) said: | |
| + | <blockquote> | ||
| + | The extent to which circumcision does contribute to gender differences in behavior during the neonatal period, or subsequently, obviously demands detailed and focused study. Most certainly, the published description of any sample using male neonates should indicate circumcision status. At present, with rare exception, this information does not appear in any account of subject characteristics.<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
| + | |last=Richards | ||
| + | |first=MPM | ||
| + | |author-link= | ||
| + | |last2=Bernal | ||
| + | |first2=JF | ||
| + | |author2-link= | ||
| + | |last3=Brackbill | ||
| + | |first3=Yvonne | ||
| + | |author3-link= | ||
| + | |etal=no | ||
| + | |title=Early behavioral differences: gender or circumcision? | ||
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| + | |language= | ||
| + | |journal=Dev Psychobiol | ||
| + | |location= | ||
| + | |date=1976-01 | ||
| + | |volume=9 | ||
| + | |issue=1 | ||
| + | |pages=89-95 | ||
| + | |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/brackbill/ | ||
| + | |quote= | ||
| + | |pubmedID=767183 | ||
| + | |pubmedCID= | ||
| + | |DOI=10.1002/dev.420090112 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2019-12-05 | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
| + | </blockquote> | ||
{{REF}} | {{REF}} | ||
Revision as of 01:06, 6 December 2019
Construction Site
This article is work in progress and not yet part of the free encyclopedia IntactiWiki.
Male circumcision is a surgical amputation of the foreskin,which contains more than one-half of the erogenous epithelium of the penis. The amputation most frequently carried out on infants and small boys who cannot and do not give consent for the loss of so much of their penis. There are many psychological issues of male circumcision that arise from the involuntary loss of the part of the penis with the erogenous tissue that provides much sexual sensation.
Contents
History
Moses Maimonides wrote in the 12th century:
Similarly with regard to circumcision, one of the reasons for it is, in my opinion, the wish to bring about a decrease in sexual intercourse and a weakening of the organ in question, so that this activity be diminished and the organ be in as quiet a state as possible. … In fact this commandment has not been prescribed with a view to perfecting what is defective congenitally, but to perfecting what is defective morally. The bodily pain caused to that member is the real purpose of circumcision. … For if at birth this member has been made to bleed and has had its covering taken away from it, it must indubitably be weakened.[1]
So we see that circumcision has long been used to effect behavior change.
Profound lack of understanding of psychological issues
There was little awareness of emotional and psychological issues when child circumcision was being promoted in the late 19th century and early 20th century. For example, Douglas Gairdner made no mention at all of pain, behavior changes, or psychological issues in his landmark 1949 paper.[2]
Increasing awareness
David Levy (1945) reported on abnormal behavior in children who had undergone surgical operations, including circumcision, among other operations. Levy reported such emotional sequelae as:
- Conditioned fear
- Dependency fears and regressions.
- Latent fear.
- Phobias.
- Anxiety states.
- Hostility reactions.
- Obsessions.
- Hysteria.
Levy saw a relationships to what was then called combat neurosis and now known as postraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[3]
Anna Freud, daughter and Sigmund Freud, and a pioneer child psychologist read Levy's paper. She wrote (1952):
Ever since the discovery of the castration complex analysts have had ample opportunity in their therapeutic work to study the impact of surgical operations. on normal and abnormal development. By now it is common knowledge that surgical interference with the child's body may serve as the focal point for the activation, reactivation, grouping and rationalization of ideas of being attacked, overwhelmed and (or) castrated. … Ever since the discovery of the castration complex analysts have had ample opportunity in their therapeutic work to study the impact of surgical operations. on normal and abnormal development. By now it is common knowledge that surgical interference with the child's body may serve as the focal point for the activation, reactivation, grouping and rationalization of ideas of being attacked, overwhelmed and (or) castrated.[4]
British child psychologist Gocke Cansever tested twelve Turkish boys before and after circumcision. Cansever (1965) confirmed the conclusions of Anna Freud (1952) and reported:
The results of the tests showed that circumcision, performed around the phallic stage is perceived by the child as an act of aggression and castration. It has detrimental effects on the child's functioning and adaptation, particularly on his ego strength. By weakening the controlling and defensive mechanisms of the ego, and initiating regression, it loosens the previously hidden fears, anxieties, and instinctual impulses, and renders a feeling of reality to them. What is expressed following the operation is primitive, archaic and unsocialized in character. As a defensive control and protection against the surge of the instinctual forces coming from within and the threats coming from outside, the ego of the child seeks safety in total withdrawal, this isolates and insulates itself from disturbing stimuli.[5]
Emde et al. (1971) being curious about changes in infant behavior after painful heel sticking, decided to test baby boys before and after routine (non-therapeutic) circumcision performed without anesthesia. Not surprisingly, they found that circumcision changed behavior. They concluded:
Routine hospital circumcision, done without anesthesia, was chosen as a potential stressor which might be expected to produce prolonged bombardment of pain pathways. Two studies, one without polygraphic manipulation and one with EEG and polygraphic manipulation and one with EEG and polygraphic recording, resulted in similar findings. Circumcision was usually followed by prolonged, non-REM sleep. Effects of circumcision were demonstrable in terms of an increase in the amount of non-REM sleep (p<0.01) and a decrease in latency to the onset of non-REM sleep (P<0.05). Infants were used as their own controls and were compared with non-circumcised males for statistical analysis. Postcircumcision increase in non-REM sleep was also reflected in an increased total number of non-REM sleep periods and an increased number of extremely long non-REM sleep periods.[6]
Researchers in Britain and America noticed that male infants in America, where most males were circumcised in the 1970s behave differently from female infants, while male infants in Britain do not behave differently from female infants. Richards, Bernal, & Brackbill (1976) said:
The extent to which circumcision does contribute to gender differences in behavior during the neonatal period, or subsequently, obviously demands detailed and focused study. Most certainly, the published description of any sample using male neonates should indicate circumcision status. At present, with rare exception, this information does not appear in any account of subject characteristics.[7]
References
- ↑
Maimonides, Moses (1963): The Guide of the Perplexed. Slomo Pines (ed.). University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- ↑
Gairdner, D.M.. The fate of the foreskin: a study of circumcision. British Medical Journal. 1949; 2(4642): 1433-1437. PMID. PMC. DOI. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
- ↑ Levy, David. Psychic trauma of operations in children: and a note on combat neurosis. Am J Dis Child. January 1945; 69(1): 7-25. DOI. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- ↑ Freud, Anna. The role of bodily illness in the mental life of children. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 1952; 7: 69-81. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- ↑ Cansever, Gocke. Psychological effects of circumcision. Brit J Med Psychol. December 1965; 38(4): 321-31. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
- ↑ Emde, Robert M., Harmon, Robert J., Metcalf, David, Koenig, Kenneth L., Wagonfeld, Samuel. Stress and Neonatal Sleep. Psychosom Med. November 1971; 33(6): 491-7. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
- ↑ Richards, MPM, Bernal, JF, Brackbill, Yvonne. Early behavioral differences: gender or circumcision?. Dev Psychobiol. January 1976; 9(1): 89-95. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
