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Add trauma section.
==Behavioral effects of unanesthetized infant circumcision==
The focus then turned to investigation of the effects of unanesthetized infant circumcision. Doctors then falsely believed that newborn infants could not feel pain,<ref name="cope">{{REFjournal
|last=Cope
|first=
}}</ref>
Marshall ''et al''. (1980) tested newborn boys before and after plastibel circumcision. They reported that boys have a greater capacity for memory than previously believed, that infant infants behave differently after circumcision, that future researchers must consider and record the circumcision status of their subjects, and that boys might actually be feeling pain. They suggested that anesthesia by dorsal penile nerve block might be appropriate.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Marshall
|first=RE
Gunnar ''et al''. (1981) studied the effect of circumcision of male infants on serum cortisol and behavior. The authors identified circumcision as "a potential traumatic event experienced by the majority of newborn males in this country (United States)." The authors reported that serum cortisol during unanesthetized circumcision rose to about four times the pre-circumcision level. Behavior paralleled the increase in cortisol. They reported that "neonatal circumcision is performed without anesthesia and it is clearly stressful for the infant.<ref name="gunnar1981">{{REFjournal
|last=Gunnar
|first=Megar Megan R. |author-link=
|last2=Fisch
|first2=Robert O.
|accessdate=2019-12-06
}}</ref>
==Trauma of circumcision==
{{REF}}