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'''Amputation''' is the removal of a limb or body part by [[Physical trauma|trauma]], medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventive surgery for such problems. A special case is that of congenital amputation, a congenital disorder, where fetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands.<ref name="WP">{{REFweb
|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation
|title=Amputation
|website=Wikipedia
|accessdate=2021-11-12
}}</ref>
In some countries, such as Afghanistan and Iran,<ref name="iran">{{REFnews
|last=Fathi
|first=Nazila
|date=2008-01-11
|title=Spate of Executions and Amputations in Iran
|publisher=The New York Times
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/world/middleeast/11iran.html
|accessdate=2021-06-27
}}</ref> amputation was proposed, was formerly used, or is currently used to punish people who committed crimes.<ref name="Chuback 2005">{{REFconference
|last=Chuback
|first=Jennifer E.
|date=2005-03
|editor-last=Whitelaw
|editor-first=W.A.
|title=The history of rhinoplasty
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/16854023
|conference=14th Annual History of Medicine Days
|publisher=University of Calgary
|place=Calgary, Alberta, Canada
|pages=10–15
|via=ResearchGate
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Kocharkarn
|first=Wachira
|date=2000-08
|title=Traumatic amputation of the penis
|url=http://brazjurol.com.br/pdf/kochakarn_385_389.pdf
|journal=Brazilian Journal of Urology
|volume=26
|pages=385–389
|via=Official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Im95I7FjrvwC&q=amputation+punishment&pg=PR7
|title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century
|last=Peters
|first=Rudolph
|year=2005
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=9780521792264
}}</ref><ref name="WP"/>
Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Bosmia
|init=AN
|last2=Griessenauer
|init2=CJ
|last3=Tubbs
|init3=RS
|title=Yubitsume: ritualistic self-amputation of proximal digits among the Yakuza
|journal=Journal of Injury and Violence Research
|volume=6
|issue=2
|pages=54–6
|date=2014-07
|pubmedID=24284812
|pubmedCID4009169
|DOI=10.5249/jivr.v6i2.489
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Kepe
|init=T
|title='Secrets' that kill: crisis, custodianship and responsibility in ritual male circumcision in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|journal=Social Science & Medicine
|volume=70
|issue=5
|pages=729–35
|date=2010-03
|pubmedID=20053494
|DOI=10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.016
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Grisaru
|init=N
|last2=Lezer
|init2=S
|last3=Belmaker
|init3=RH
|title=Ritual female genital surgery among Ethiopian Jews
|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior
|volume=26
|issue=2
|pages=211–5
|date=1997-04
|pubmedID=9101034
|DOI=10.1023/a:1024562512475
}}</ref> When done by a person, the person executing the amputation is an "amputator".<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Amputator
|publisher=Merriam-Webster
|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/amputator
|accessdate=2021-06-28
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
|title=Amputee
|publisher=Merriam-Webster
|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/amputee
|accessdate=2021-06-28
}}</ref><ref name="WP"/>
{{REF}}
[[Category:Term]]
|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation
|title=Amputation
|website=Wikipedia
|accessdate=2021-11-12
}}</ref>
In some countries, such as Afghanistan and Iran,<ref name="iran">{{REFnews
|last=Fathi
|first=Nazila
|date=2008-01-11
|title=Spate of Executions and Amputations in Iran
|publisher=The New York Times
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/world/middleeast/11iran.html
|accessdate=2021-06-27
}}</ref> amputation was proposed, was formerly used, or is currently used to punish people who committed crimes.<ref name="Chuback 2005">{{REFconference
|last=Chuback
|first=Jennifer E.
|date=2005-03
|editor-last=Whitelaw
|editor-first=W.A.
|title=The history of rhinoplasty
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/16854023
|conference=14th Annual History of Medicine Days
|publisher=University of Calgary
|place=Calgary, Alberta, Canada
|pages=10–15
|via=ResearchGate
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Kocharkarn
|first=Wachira
|date=2000-08
|title=Traumatic amputation of the penis
|url=http://brazjurol.com.br/pdf/kochakarn_385_389.pdf
|journal=Brazilian Journal of Urology
|volume=26
|pages=385–389
|via=Official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Im95I7FjrvwC&q=amputation+punishment&pg=PR7
|title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century
|last=Peters
|first=Rudolph
|year=2005
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=9780521792264
}}</ref><ref name="WP"/>
Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Bosmia
|init=AN
|last2=Griessenauer
|init2=CJ
|last3=Tubbs
|init3=RS
|title=Yubitsume: ritualistic self-amputation of proximal digits among the Yakuza
|journal=Journal of Injury and Violence Research
|volume=6
|issue=2
|pages=54–6
|date=2014-07
|pubmedID=24284812
|pubmedCID4009169
|DOI=10.5249/jivr.v6i2.489
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Kepe
|init=T
|title='Secrets' that kill: crisis, custodianship and responsibility in ritual male circumcision in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|journal=Social Science & Medicine
|volume=70
|issue=5
|pages=729–35
|date=2010-03
|pubmedID=20053494
|DOI=10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.016
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Grisaru
|init=N
|last2=Lezer
|init2=S
|last3=Belmaker
|init3=RH
|title=Ritual female genital surgery among Ethiopian Jews
|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior
|volume=26
|issue=2
|pages=211–5
|date=1997-04
|pubmedID=9101034
|DOI=10.1023/a:1024562512475
}}</ref> When done by a person, the person executing the amputation is an "amputator".<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Amputator
|publisher=Merriam-Webster
|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/amputator
|accessdate=2021-06-28
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
|title=Amputee
|publisher=Merriam-Webster
|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/amputee
|accessdate=2021-06-28
}}</ref><ref name="WP"/>
{{REF}}
[[Category:Term]]