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using Template:Population-based studies
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==Function==
In [[skin]] infections, the local Langerhans cells take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells.
=== HIV ===
====Former hypothesis====
Kawamura et al. (2005) suggested Langerhans cells may be initial cellular targets in the sexual transmission of [[HIV]],<ref>{{REFjournal
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====Present view====
On 4 March 2007 the online ''Nature Medicine'' magazine published the letter "Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells."<ref>{{REFjournal
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==Population-based studies==There is now substantial evidence that male circumcision does NOT in fact, protect against HIV infection. September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of [[circumcision]] and HIV infection: # Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were [[circumcised]] between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal |last=Mayan |first=Madhur |init=M |authorPopulation-link= |last2=Hamilton |first2=Robert J. |init2=RJ |author2-link= |last3=Juurlink |first3=David N. |init3=DN |author3-link= |last4=Austin |first4=Peter C. |init4=PC |author4-link= |last5=Jarvi |first5=Keith A. |init5=KA |author5-link= |etal=no |title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada |journal=J Urol |date=2021-09-23 |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234 |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada. |pubmedID=34551593 |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234 |accessdate=2021-10-02}}</ref># [[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that [[circumcised]] men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than [[intact]] men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021based studies}}</ref> No association between lack of circumcision and risk of HIV infection was found by either study.
{{SEEALSO}}