Changes

The '''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' funds the [[ImageRakai Project]].<ref>{{REFweb |quote=Celebrating 20+ Years of Public Health Research in Uganda |last= |first= |publisher= |date= |title=Rakai Health Sciences Program |url=http:John_hopkins//www.gif‎jhsph.edu/rakai/ |accessdate=2011-05-02}}</ref> {{FULLPAGENAME}} is part of the [[Health Communication Partnership]]<ref>{{REFweb |quote=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs in partnership with Academy for Educational Development, Save the Children, The International [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] Alliance, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine |last= |first= |publisher= |date= |title=HCP: Inspiring Voices Collective Action |righturl=http://hcpartnership.org/ |thumbaccessdate=2011-06-20}}</ref>, which is currently promoting [[circumcision]]in Uganda via mass media.<ref>{{REFweb |quote=The writer works with Health Communication Partnership |last=Mirembe |first=Irene |publisher=New Vision - Uganda's Leading Website |date=2011-06-19 |title=Embrace male circumcision to reduce HIV |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/459/758020 |accessdate=2011-06-20}}</ref>

==Financial support==The [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] has made several substantial contributions to the Johns Hopkins]] Bloomberg School of Public Health funds . ===Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health===The Bloomberg School of Public Health houses the [[Rakai Project]].<ref> {{cite web | url = httphttps://www.jhsphgatesinstitute.eduorg/rakai/ | title = Rakai Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health]. The [[Gates Foundation]] reports several large contributions to the Bloomberg School of Public Health Sciences Program | accessdate = 2011-05-02 | quote = Celebrating 20+ Years . Total contributions to the Bloomberg School of Public Health Research in Uganda}}</ref> exceed $241 million, while contributions to Johns Hopkins is part of the [[Health Communication Partnership]]University exceed $1.09 billion.<ref> {{cite web REFweb | url = httphttps://hcpartnershipwww.gatesfoundation.org/ | title = HCP: Inspiring Voices Collective Action | accessdate = 2011ideas/media-center/press-releases/2003/06/bloomberg-school-of-public-health-20 receives-grant |archived= | quote title= Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Gates Foundation Commits $40 Million to Improve Reproductive Health/Center for Communication Programs in partnership with Academy for Educational Development, Save the Children, The International HIV/AIDS Alliance, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine}}</ref>, which is currently promoting circumcision in Uganda via mass media.<ref> {{cite news Developing World |trans-title= | first language= Irene | last = Mirembe | title first= |author-link= Embrace male circumcision to reduce HIV | date publisher= 2011-06-19 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation | url website= http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/459/758020 | work date= New Vision - Uganda's Leading Website | accessdate = 20112022-0601-20 08 |format= | quote = The writer works with Health Communication Partnership }}</ref>

The [[Rakai Project|Rakai Health Sciences Program]] (RHSP) is a program that began in 1987 in UguandaUganda, Africa , to investigate the then-mysterious [[HIV]].<ref name="rakai-history"> {{cite web REFweb |last=Rakai Project |first= |date= |title=History of the Rakai Health Sciences Program | url = http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/about/index.html | title = History of the Rakai Health Sciences Program | accessdate = 2011-05-02}}</ref> The [[Rakai Project|RHSP]] is headed by husband and wife team [[Ronald Gray]] and & [[Maria Wawer]] (the Senior Principal Investigators),<ref> {{cite web REFweb |last=Rakai Project |first= |date= |title=Our People at Johns Hopkins University | url = http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/our_people/jhu.html | title = Our People at Johns Hopkins University | accessdate = 2011-05-02}}</ref> who conduct biased research to look for justifications in rolling out mass circumcision programs around the world.<ref name="rakai-jhsph"> {{cite web REFweb |last=JohnsHopkinsSPH |first= |date=2012-01-10 |title=Rakai Project | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k | title = Rakai Project | date = 12/1/10 | work = JohnsHopkinsSPH | publisher accessdate= Youtube}}</ref> The [[Rakai Project|RHSP]] is funded by the [[Johns Hopkins]] Bloomberg School for Public Health{{FULLPAGENAME}}, the Uguanda Uganda Virus Research Institute, the [[National Institutes of Health]], and the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]].<ref> {{cite web REFweb |last=Rakai Project |first= |date= |title=Rakai Health Sciences Program | url = http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/ | title = Rakai Health Sciences Program | accessdate = 2011-05-02}}</ref><ref> {{citation REFbook |last=Kong | first = Xiangrong |init=X |year=2011 | last date= Kong 2011-02-28 | contribution title= Longer-term Effects of Male Circumcision on HIV Incidence and Risk Behaviors during Post-trial Surveillance in Rakai, Uganda |url=http://www.retroconference.org/2011/Abstracts/41239.htm | title editor= 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections |edition= |volume= | place chapter= Boston, Massachusetts | pages page= 36 | date location= February 28Boston, 2011Massachusetts |publisher= | id isbn= | contribution-url note= http://www.retroconference.org/2011/Abstracts/41239.htm | accessdate = 2011-05-02}} [http://circleaks.org/images/d/da/Acknowledgements.png Acknowledgements slide] [http://app2.capitalreach.com/esp1204/servlet/tc?c=10164&cn=retro&s=20445&&dp=player.jsp&e=13709&mediaType=podiumVideo Video of Presentation with Slides and Audio Download Link]</ref>

The [[Rakai Project]] was created in 1987 by a group of scientists from {{UNI|Makerere University |Mak}} in Kampala, Uganda , who decided to investigate [[HIV ]] infection in the Rakai district by initiating a small community cohort study. The original senior Principal Investigators of the [[Rakai Project]] were Nelson Sewankambo, David Serwadda, and [[Maria Wawer]].<ref name="rakai-history"/> The [[Rakai Project]] has since changed its name to the [[Rakai Project|Rakai Health Services Program]], and has a current staff of just under 400 principal investigators, multidisciplinary professionals, and support staff.<ref name="rakai-history"/>

The [[Rakai Project|RHSP]] promotes mass [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| circumcision ]] as a means to prevent the spread of [[HIV]]. A Youtube video uploaded by the [[Johns Hopkins|Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School for Public Health]] {{FULLPAGENAME}} highlights the [[RHSP|RHSP's]] mass circumcision program.<ref name="rakai-jhsph"/>

 {{Quote boxCitation |title Title= <small>Rakai Project Doctor Promotes Circumcision</small> |quote Text= It's been hard to change policy because it's a whole new paradigm. We've never used surgery to prevent an infectious disease. Policy makers had to take some time to really wrap their minds around it. |source Author= --Ronald Gray, |Source=''Rakai Project.'' YouTube |ref=<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k#t=07m29s JohnsHopkinsSPH. (2010). ''Rakai Project.'' YouTube.] |align = center |width = 50% |quoted = yes</ref>

In partnership with other [[WHO ]] departments, [[UNAIDS]], and the Department of Reproductive Health and Research (RHR), Johns Hopkins Program for International Education in Gynecology and Obstetrics (JHPIEGO) has developed a Manual for male infant [[circumcision ]] under local anaesthesia.<ref> {{cite book REFbook |last=World Health Organization | last1 author-link= World Health Organization |first= | last2 = JHPIEGO |year=2010 | title = Manual for early infant male circumcision under local anaesthesia. | publisher = WHO Document Production Services | year = 2010 | location = Geneva, Switzerland | url = http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241500753_eng.pdf |editor= |edition= |volume= |chapter= |pages= |location=Geneva, Switzerland |publisher=WHO Document Production Services |isbn=9789241500753 |note= | accessdate = 2011-06-01 | isbn = 978 92 4 150075 3}}</ref> The manual is intended for use by clinical officers, who can be trained to perform uncomplicated [[circumcision ]] on infants, and to refer more complex cases. The manual is expected to be published in 2011. The manual itself is supported by training guides and a certification framework, to facilitate the upgrading of skills of officers who are not otherwise authorized to perform surgery.

At the Rakai clinic, a propaganda music video promoting circumcision plays continuously in the waiting room.<ref>{{cite webREFweb |last=JohnsHopkinsSPH |first= |date=2010-12-01 |title=Rakai Project | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k#t=08m37s |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |last=smugamba |first= |date=2010-06-10 | title = Rakai Projectmale circumcision video by Stephen Mugamba feat Jemima Sanyu.mpg |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rtEdNl322Q | date accessdate= 12}}</1ref> == Video ==<youtube>0rtEdNl322Q</10youtube> {{Citation | work Title= JohnsHopkinsSPHChorus Lyrics | publisher Text= YoutubeIt's a global recommendation: from the World Health Organization: That men should be circumcised

</ref><ref>{{cite webCitation | url Title= http:/Bridge/www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rtEdNl322QOutro Lyrics (female singer) | title Text= Rakai male circumcision video by Stephen Mugamba feat Jemima SanyuCircumcision has got many benefits.mpg | date = 6/10/10 | work = smugamba | publisher = YoutubeYou'll become clean, clean, and cleaner... and when the men are circumcised, it reduces sexual infections in women. Circumcision is SO GOOD. Circumcision is SO SAFE. Men should be circumcised!

{| border=0 align="center" styleOriginal Research ="width: 25%" cellpadding="0"| Johns Hopkins did research<centerref>http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61967-8/abstract<youtube/ref>0rtEdNl322Qwhich showed circumcision offered a protective benefit against HPV. This was later debunked<ref>http:/youtube>/intactnews.org/node/119/1314979135/circumcision-does-not-prevent-hpv-infection-rct-data-039inflated039-study-finds</centerref> .

{{Quote box |title = <small>Chorus Lyrics</small> |quote = It's a global recommendationfrom the World Health OrganizationThat men should be circumcised |source = <small></small> |align = center |width = 90% |quoted = yesSEEALSO}}{{Quote box |title = <small>Bridge/Outro Lyrics (female singer)</small> |quote = * [[Circumcision has got many benefits. You'll become clean, clean, and cleaner... and when the men are circumcised, it reduces sexual infections in women. Circumcision is SO GOOD. Circumcision is SO SAFE. Men should be circumcised!HIV]] |source = <small></small>* [[Johns Hopkins University]] |align = center |width = 90% |quoted = yes{{LINKS}}|}

==Original Research==Johns Hopkins did research which [http* {{URLwebsite|https://wwwpublichealth.thelancetjhu.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140edu|2022-6736(10)6196701-8/abstract showed] circumcision offered a protective benefit against HPV. This was later [http://intactnews.org/node/119/1314979135/circumcision-does-not-prevent-hpv-infection-rct-data-039inflated039-study-finds debunked]. 05}}

* {{REFweb |url==External Links==*[httphttps://www.jhsphdoctorsopposingcircumcision.eduorg/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/rakaihivaids/ |archived= |title=HIV/ Rakai Health Sciences Program] home page at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School for Public Health.AIDS |trans-title= |language=English |last= |first= |author-link=* |publisher=[[http://wwwDoctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.jhuC.edu/ Johns Hopkins University)]] home page at the John Hopkins University |website.= |date=2020 |accessdate=2020-07-16 |format= |quote=}}

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