Difference between revisions of "Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health"

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[[Image:JohnsHopkins.gif‎|right|thumb]]
 
[[Image:JohnsHopkins.gif‎|right|thumb]]
  
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The [[Johns Hopkins]] Bloomberg School of Public Health funds the [[Rakai Project]].<ref>{{REFweb
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The '''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' funds the [[Rakai Project]].<ref>{{REFweb
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  | quote=Celebrating 20+ Years of Public Health Research in Uganda
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  |quote=Celebrating 20+ Years of Public Health Research in Uganda
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  | last=
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  |last=
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  | first=
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  |first=
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  | publisher=
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  |publisher=
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  | date=
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  |date=
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  | title=Rakai Health Sciences Program
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  |title=Rakai Health Sciences Program
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  | url=http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/
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  |url=http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/
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  | accessdate=2011-05-02
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  |accessdate=2011-05-02
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}}</ref> Johns Hopkins is part of the [[Health Communication Partnership]]<ref>{{REFweb
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}}</ref> {{FULLPAGENAME}} is part of the [[Health Communication Partnership]]<ref>{{REFweb
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  | quote=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs in partnership with Academy for Educational Development, Save the Children, The International HIV/AIDS Alliance, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
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  |quote=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs in partnership with Academy for Educational Development, Save the Children, The International [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] Alliance, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
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  | last=
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  |last=
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  | first=
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  |first=
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  | publisher=
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  |publisher=
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  | date=
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  |date=
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  | title=HCP: Inspiring Voices Collective Action
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  |title=HCP: Inspiring Voices Collective Action
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  | url=http://hcpartnership.org/
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  |url=http://hcpartnership.org/
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  | accessdate=2011-06-20
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  |accessdate=2011-06-20
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}}</ref>, which is currently promoting circumcision in Uganda via mass media.<ref>{{REFweb
+
}}</ref>, which is currently promoting [[circumcision]] in Uganda via mass media.<ref>{{REFweb
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  | quote=The writer works with Health Communication Partnership
+
  |quote=The writer works with Health Communication Partnership
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  | last=Mirembe  
+
  |last=Mirembe  
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  | first=Irene  
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  |first=Irene  
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  | publisher=New Vision - Uganda's Leading Website
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  |publisher=New Vision - Uganda's Leading Website
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  | date=2011-06-19
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  |date=2011-06-19
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  | title=Embrace male circumcision to reduce HIV
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  |title=Embrace male circumcision to reduce HIV
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  | url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/459/758020
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  |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/459/758020
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  | accessdate=2011-06-20
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  |accessdate=2011-06-20
 +
}}</ref>
 +
 
 +
==Financial support==
 +
The [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] has made several substantial contributions to the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
 +
 
 +
===Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health===
 +
The Bloomberg School of Public Health houses the [https://www.gatesinstitute.org/ Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health]. The [[Gates Foundation]] reports several large contributions to the Bloomberg School of Public Health. Total contributions to the Bloomberg School of Public Health exceed $241 million, while contributions to Johns Hopkins University exceed $1.09 billion.<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas/media-center/press-releases/2003/06/bloomberg-school-of-public-health-receives-grant
 +
|archived=
 +
|title=Gates Foundation Commits $40 Million to Improve Reproductive Health in the Developing World
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|last=
 +
|first=
 +
|author-link=
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|publisher=Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
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|website=
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|date=
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|accessdate=2022-01-08
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|format=
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|quote=
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
 
==Rakai Project==
 
==Rakai Project==
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The [[Rakai Project|Rakai Health Sciences Program]] (RHSP) is a program that began in 1987 in Uguanda, Africa to investigate the then-mysterious HIV.<ref name="rakai-history">{{REFweb
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The [[Rakai Project|Rakai Health Sciences Program]] (RHSP) is a program that began in 1987 in Uganda, Africa, to investigate the then-mysterious [[HIV]].<ref name="rakai-history">{{REFweb
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  | last=Rakai Project
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  |last=Rakai Project
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  | first=
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  |first=
−
  | year=
+
  |date=
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  | title=History of the Rakai Health Sciences Program
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  |title=History of the Rakai Health Sciences Program
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  | url=http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/about/index.html
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  |url=http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/about/index.html
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  | accessdate=2011-05-02
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  |accessdate=2011-05-02
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}}</ref> The [[Rakai Project|RHSP]] is headed by husband and wife team [[Ronald Gray]] and [[Maria Wawer]] (the Senior Principal Investigators),<ref>{{REFweb
+
}}</ref> The [[Rakai Project|RHSP]] is headed by husband and wife team [[Ronald Gray]] & [[Maria Wawer]] (the Senior Principal Investigators),<ref>{{REFweb
−
  | last=Rakai Project
+
  |last=Rakai Project
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  | first=
+
  |first=
−
  | year=
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  |date=
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  | title=Our People at Johns Hopkins University
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  |title=Our People at Johns Hopkins University
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  | url=http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/our_people/jhu.html
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  |url=http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/our_people/jhu.html
−
  | accessdate=2011-05-02
+
  |accessdate=2011-05-02
 
}}</ref> who conduct biased research to look for justifications in rolling out mass circumcision programs around the world.<ref name="rakai-jhsph">{{REFweb
 
}}</ref> who conduct biased research to look for justifications in rolling out mass circumcision programs around the world.<ref name="rakai-jhsph">{{REFweb
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  | last=JohnsHopkinsSPH  
+
  |last=JohnsHopkinsSPH  
−
  | first=
+
  |first=
−
  | year=12/1/10
+
  |date=2012-01-10
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  | title=Rakai Project
+
  |title=Rakai Project
−
  | url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k
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  |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k
−
  | accessdate=
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  |accessdate=
−
}}</ref> The [[Rakai Project|RHSP]] is funded by the [[Johns Hopkins]] Bloomberg School for Public Health, the Uguanda Virus Research Institute, the [[National Institutes of Health]], and the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]].<ref>{{REFweb
+
}}</ref> The [[Rakai Project|RHSP]] is funded by the {{FULLPAGENAME}}, the Uganda Virus Research Institute, the [[National Institutes of Health]], and the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]].<ref>{{REFweb
−
  | last=Rakai Project
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  |last=Rakai Project
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  | first=
+
  |first=
−
  | year=
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  |date=
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  | title=Rakai Health Sciences Program
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  |title=Rakai Health Sciences Program
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  | url=http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/
+
  |url=http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/
−
  | accessdate=2011-05-02
+
  |accessdate=2011-05-02
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
−
  | last=Kong  
+
  |last=Kong  
−
  | first=Xiangrong  
+
  |first=Xiangrong
−
  | year=February 28, 2011
+
|init=X
−
  | title=Longer-term Effects of Male Circumcision on HIV Incidence and Risk Behaviors during Post-trial Surveillance in Rakai, Uganda
+
  |year=2011
−
  | url=http://www.retroconference.org/2011/Abstracts/41239.htm
+
|date=2011-02-28
−
  | editor=18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
+
  |title=Longer-term Effects of Male Circumcision on HIV Incidence and Risk Behaviors during Post-trial Surveillance in Rakai, Uganda
−
  | edition=
+
  |url=http://www.retroconference.org/2011/Abstracts/41239.htm
−
  | volume=
+
  |editor=18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
−
  | chapter=
+
  |edition=
−
  | pages=36  
+
  |volume=
−
  | location=Boston, Massachusetts
+
  |chapter=
−
  | publisher=
+
  |page=36  
−
  | isbn=
+
  |location=Boston, Massachusetts
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  | note=
+
  |publisher=
−
  | accessdate=2011-05-02
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  |isbn=
 +
  |note=
 +
  |accessdate=2011-05-02
 
}} [http://circleaks.org/images/d/da/Acknowledgements.png Acknowledgements slide] [http://app2.capitalreach.com/esp1204/servlet/tc?c=10164&cn=retro&s=20445&&dp=player.jsp&e=13709&mediaType=podiumVideo Video of Presentation with Slides and Audio Download Link]</ref>
 
}} [http://circleaks.org/images/d/da/Acknowledgements.png Acknowledgements slide] [http://app2.capitalreach.com/esp1204/servlet/tc?c=10164&cn=retro&s=20445&&dp=player.jsp&e=13709&mediaType=podiumVideo Video of Presentation with Slides and Audio Download Link]</ref>
  
 
===History of the Rakai Project===
 
===History of the Rakai Project===
−
The [[Rakai Project]] was created in 1987 by a group of scientists from Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda who decided to investigate HIV infection in the Rakai district by initiating a small community cohort study. The original senior Principal Investigators of the [[Rakai Project]] were Nelson Sewankambo, David Serwadda, and [[Maria Wawer]].<ref name="rakai-history"/> The [[Rakai Project]] has since changed its name to the [[Rakai Project|Rakai Health Services Program]], and has a current staff of just under 400 principal investigators, multidisciplinary professionals, and support staff.<ref name="rakai-history"/>
+
The [[Rakai Project]] was created in 1987 by a group of scientists from {{UNI|Makerere University|Mak}} in Kampala, Uganda, who decided to investigate [[HIV]] infection in the Rakai district by initiating a small community cohort study. The original senior Principal Investigators of the [[Rakai Project]] were Nelson Sewankambo, David Serwadda, and [[Maria Wawer]].<ref name="rakai-history"/> The [[Rakai Project]] has since changed its name to the [[Rakai Project|Rakai Health Services Program]], and has a current staff of just under 400 principal investigators, multidisciplinary professionals, and support staff.<ref name="rakai-history"/>
  
 
===Promoting Circumcision as an HIV Prevention Method===
 
===Promoting Circumcision as an HIV Prevention Method===
−
The [[Rakai Project|RHSP]] promotes mass circumcision as a means to prevent the spread of HIV. A Youtube video uploaded by the [[Johns Hopkins|Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School for Public Health]] highlights the [[RHSP|RHSP's]] mass circumcision program.<ref name="rakai-jhsph"/>
+
The [[Rakai Project|RHSP]] promotes mass [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| circumcision]] as a means to prevent the spread of [[HIV]]. A Youtube video uploaded by the {{FULLPAGENAME}} highlights the [[RHSP|RHSP's]] mass circumcision program.<ref name="rakai-jhsph"/>
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
−
| Title=Rakai Project Doctor Promotes Circumcision
+
|Title=Rakai Project Doctor Promotes Circumcision
−
| Text=It's been hard to change policy because it's a whole new paradigm. We've never used surgery to prevent an infectious disease. Policy makers had to take some time to really wrap their minds around it.
+
|Text=It's been hard to change policy because it's a whole new paradigm. We've never used surgery to prevent an infectious disease. Policy makers had to take some time to really wrap their minds around it.
−
| Author=Ronald Gray
+
|Author=Ronald Gray
−
| Source=''Rakai Project.'' YouTube
+
|Source=''Rakai Project.'' YouTube
−
| lang=
+
|ref=<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k#t=07m29s JohnsHopkinsSPH. (2010). ''Rakai Project.'' YouTube]</ref>
−
| before=
 
−
| after=
 
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| Transcription=
 
−
| Translation=
 
−
| ref=<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k#t=07m29s JohnsHopkinsSPH. (2010). ''Rakai Project.'' YouTube]</ref>
 
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
==== Circumcision Manual ====
 
==== Circumcision Manual ====
−
In partnership with other WHO departments, UNAIDS, and the Department of Reproductive Health and Research (RHR), Johns Hopkins Program for International Education in Gynecology and Obstetrics (JHPIEGO) has developed a Manual for male infant circumcision under local anaesthesia.<ref>{{REFbook
+
In partnership with other [[WHO]] departments, [[UNAIDS]], and the Department of Reproductive Health and Research (RHR), Johns Hopkins Program for International Education in Gynecology and Obstetrics (JHPIEGO) has developed a Manual for male infant [[circumcision]] under local anaesthesia.<ref>{{REFbook
−
  | last=World Health Organization; JHPIEGO
+
  |last=World Health Organization
−
  | first=
+
|author-link=World Health Organization
−
  | year=2010  
+
  |first=
−
  | title=Manual for early infant male circumcision under local anaesthesia
+
|last2=JHPIEGO
−
  | url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241500753_eng.pdf
+
  |year=2010  
−
  | editor=
+
  |title=Manual for early infant male circumcision under local anaesthesia
−
  | edition=
+
  |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241500753_eng.pdf
−
  | volume=
+
  |editor=
−
  | chapter=
+
  |edition=
−
  | pages=
+
  |volume=
−
  | location=Geneva, Switzerland
+
  |chapter=
−
  | publisher=WHO Document Production Services
+
  |pages=
−
  | isbn=9789241500753
+
  |location=Geneva, Switzerland
−
  | note=
+
  |publisher=WHO Document Production Services
−
  | accessdate=2011-06-01
+
  |isbn=9789241500753
−
}}</ref>  The manual is intended for use by clinical officers, who can be trained to perform uncomplicated circumcision on infants, and to refer more complex cases. The manual is expected to be published in 2011. The manual itself is supported by training guides and a certification framework, to facilitate the upgrading of skills of officers who are not otherwise authorized to perform surgery.
+
  |note=
 +
  |accessdate=2011-06-01
 +
}}</ref>  The manual is intended for use by clinical officers, who can be trained to perform uncomplicated [[circumcision]] on infants, and to refer more complex cases. The manual is expected to be published in 2011. The manual itself is supported by training guides and a certification framework, to facilitate the upgrading of skills of officers who are not otherwise authorized to perform surgery.
  
 
==== Music Video ====
 
==== Music Video ====
 
At the Rakai clinic, a propaganda music video promoting circumcision plays continuously in the waiting room.<ref>{{REFweb
 
At the Rakai clinic, a propaganda music video promoting circumcision plays continuously in the waiting room.<ref>{{REFweb
−
  | last=JohnsHopkinsSPH
+
  |last=JohnsHopkinsSPH
−
  | first=
+
  |first=
−
  | year=12/1/10
+
  |date=2010-12-01
−
  | title=Rakai Project
+
  |title=Rakai Project
−
  | url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k#t=08m37s
+
  |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k#t=08m37s
−
  | accessdate=
+
  |accessdate=
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
−
  | last=smugamba
+
  |last=smugamba
−
  | first=
+
  |first=
−
  | year=6/10/10
+
  |date=2010-06-10
−
  | title=Rakai male circumcision video by Stephen Mugamba feat Jemima Sanyu.mpg
+
  |title=Rakai male circumcision video by Stephen Mugamba feat Jemima Sanyu.mpg
−
  | url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rtEdNl322Q
+
  |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rtEdNl322Q
−
  | accessdate=
+
  |accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
−
{| border=0 style="width: 25%" cellpadding="0"
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== Video ==
−
| <youtube>0rtEdNl322Q</youtube>
+
<youtube>0rtEdNl322Q</youtube>
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
−
| Title=Chorus Lyrics
+
|Title=Chorus Lyrics
−
| Text=It's a global recommendation
+
|Text=It's a global recommendation
 
: from the World Health Organization
 
: from the World Health Organization
 
: That men should be circumcised
 
: That men should be circumcised
Line 143: Line 163:
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
−
| Title=Bridge/Outro Lyrics (female singer)
+
|Title=Bridge/Outro Lyrics (female singer)
−
| Text=Circumcision has got many benefits. You'll become clean, clean, and cleaner... and when the men are circumcised, it reduces sexual infections in women. Circumcision is SO GOOD. Circumcision is SO SAFE. Men should be circumcised!
+
|Text=Circumcision has got many benefits. You'll become clean, clean, and cleaner... and when the men are circumcised, it reduces sexual infections in women. Circumcision is SO GOOD. Circumcision is SO SAFE. Men should be circumcised!
 
}}
 
}}
−
 
−
|}
 
  
 
== Original Research ==
 
== Original Research ==
 
Johns Hopkins did research<ref>http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61967-8/abstract</ref> which showed circumcision offered a protective benefit against HPV. This was later debunked<ref>http://intactnews.org/node/119/1314979135/circumcision-does-not-prevent-hpv-infection-rct-data-039inflated039-study-finds</ref>.
 
Johns Hopkins did research<ref>http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61967-8/abstract</ref> which showed circumcision offered a protective benefit against HPV. This was later debunked<ref>http://intactnews.org/node/119/1314979135/circumcision-does-not-prevent-hpv-infection-rct-data-039inflated039-study-finds</ref>.
 +
 +
{{SEEALSO}}
 +
* [[Circumcision and HIV]]
 +
* [[Johns Hopkins University]]
  
 
{{LINKS}}
 
{{LINKS}}
−
* [http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/ Rakai Health Sciences Program] home page at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School for Public Health.
+
 
−
* [http://www.jhu.edu/ Johns Hopkins University] home page at the John Hopkins University website.
+
* {{URLwebsite|https://publichealth.jhu.edu|2022-01-05}}
 +
 
 +
* [http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/ Rakai Health Sciences Program] home page at the {{FULLPAGENAME}}.
 +
 
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/hivaids/
 +
|archived=
 +
|title=HIV/AIDS
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=English
 +
|last=
 +
|first=
 +
|author-link=
 +
|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
 +
|website=
 +
|date=2020
 +
|accessdate=2020-07-16
 +
|format=
 +
|quote=
 +
}}
  
 
{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}
  
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[[Category:Institutions]]
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[[Category:Institution]]
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[[Category:Bankrollers]]
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[[Category:Bankroller]]
 
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]
 
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]
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[[Category:CircLeaks]]
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[[Category:Promoter]]
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[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
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[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
  
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[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
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[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]

Latest revision as of 17:03, 1 November 2022

JohnsHopkins.gif

The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health funds the Rakai Project.[1] Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health is part of the Health Communication Partnership[2], which is currently promoting circumcision in Uganda via mass media.[3]

Financial support

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has made several substantial contributions to the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health

The Bloomberg School of Public Health houses the Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health. The Gates Foundation reports several large contributions to the Bloomberg School of Public Health. Total contributions to the Bloomberg School of Public Health exceed $241 million, while contributions to Johns Hopkins University exceed $1.09 billion.[4]

Rakai Project

The Rakai Health Sciences Program (RHSP) is a program that began in 1987 in Uganda, Africa, to investigate the then-mysterious HIV.[5] The RHSP is headed by husband and wife team Ronald Gray & Maria Wawer (the Senior Principal Investigators),[6] who conduct biased research to look for justifications in rolling out mass circumcision programs around the world.[7] The RHSP is funded by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, the Uganda Virus Research Institute, the National Institutes of Health, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.[8][9]

History of the Rakai Project

The Rakai Project was created in 1987 by a group of scientists from Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, who decided to investigate HIV infection in the Rakai district by initiating a small community cohort study. The original senior Principal Investigators of the Rakai Project were Nelson Sewankambo, David Serwadda, and Maria Wawer.[5] The Rakai Project has since changed its name to the Rakai Health Services Program, and has a current staff of just under 400 principal investigators, multidisciplinary professionals, and support staff.[5]

Promoting Circumcision as an HIV Prevention Method

The RHSP promotes mass circumcision as a means to prevent the spread of HIV. A Youtube video uploaded by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health highlights the RHSP's mass circumcision program.[7]

“ Rakai Project Doctor Promotes Circumcision
It's been hard to change policy because it's a whole new paradigm. We've never used surgery to prevent an infectious disease. Policy makers had to take some time to really wrap their minds around it.
– Ronald Gray (Rakai Project. YouTube)[10]

Circumcision Manual

In partnership with other WHO departments, UNAIDS, and the Department of Reproductive Health and Research (RHR), Johns Hopkins Program for International Education in Gynecology and Obstetrics (JHPIEGO) has developed a Manual for male infant circumcision under local anaesthesia.[11] The manual is intended for use by clinical officers, who can be trained to perform uncomplicated circumcision on infants, and to refer more complex cases. The manual is expected to be published in 2011. The manual itself is supported by training guides and a certification framework, to facilitate the upgrading of skills of officers who are not otherwise authorized to perform surgery.

Music Video

At the Rakai clinic, a propaganda music video promoting circumcision plays continuously in the waiting room.[12][13]

Video

“ Chorus Lyrics
It's a global recommendation
from the World Health Organization
That men should be circumcised
“ Bridge/Outro Lyrics (female singer)
Circumcision has got many benefits. You'll become clean, clean, and cleaner... and when the men are circumcised, it reduces sexual infections in women. Circumcision is SO GOOD. Circumcision is SO SAFE. Men should be circumcised!

Original Research

Johns Hopkins did research[14] which showed circumcision offered a protective benefit against HPV. This was later debunked[15].

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ REFweb Rakai Health Sciences Program. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
    Quote: Celebrating 20+ Years of Public Health Research in Uganda
  2. ↑ REFweb HCP: Inspiring Voices Collective Action. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
    Quote: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs in partnership with Academy for Educational Development, Save the Children, The International HIV/AIDS Alliance, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
  3. ↑ REFweb Mirembe, Irene (19 June 2011). Embrace male circumcision to reduce HIV, New Vision - Uganda's Leading Website. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
    Quote: The writer works with Health Communication Partnership
  4. ↑ REFweb Gates Foundation Commits $40 Million to Improve Reproductive Health in the Developing World, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  5. ↑ a b c REFweb Rakai Project. History of the Rakai Health Sciences Program. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  6. ↑ REFweb Rakai Project. Our People at Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  7. ↑ a b REFweb JohnsHopkinsSPH (10 January 2012). Rakai Project.
  8. ↑ REFweb Rakai Project. Rakai Health Sciences Program. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  9. ↑ REFbook Kong X (2011): Longer-term Effects of Male Circumcision on HIV Incidence and Risk Behaviors during Post-trial Surveillance in Rakai, Uganda. 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (ed.). Boston, Massachusetts P. 36. Retrieved 2 May 2011. Acknowledgements slide Video of Presentation with Slides and Audio Download Link
  10. ↑ JohnsHopkinsSPH. (2010). Rakai Project. YouTube
  11. ↑ REFbook World Health Organization, JHPIEGO (2010): Manual for early infant male circumcision under local anaesthesia. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Document Production Services. ISBN 9789241500753. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  12. ↑ REFweb JohnsHopkinsSPH (1 December 2010). Rakai Project.
  13. ↑ REFweb smugamba (10 June 2010). Rakai male circumcision video by Stephen Mugamba feat Jemima Sanyu.mpg.
  14. ↑ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61967-8/abstract
  15. ↑ http://intactnews.org/node/119/1314979135/circumcision-does-not-prevent-hpv-infection-rct-data-039inflated039-study-finds
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