15,582
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
<br><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
→Factors pushing the incidence of non-therapeutic circumcision down: Wikify.
==History==
The French-speaking people of Quebec and elsewhere generally do not favour circumcision. Male circumcision is not part of the native culture of indigenous Inuit, First Nations, and Métis populations (4.3% of the population). The Canadian Government established Residential Schools from about 1880 to assimilate the indigneous people into Euro-Canadian culture.<ref name="residential2021">{{REFweb
|title=Residential Schools in Canada
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
== Research into pain of circumcision ==
Canada has been the the location of important research regarding the [[pain]] of circumcision.
[[Janice Lander | Lander]] et al. (1997) conducted a comparison of neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision without anesthesia (current practice in 1997), ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and a topical eutectic mixture of local anesthetics ([[EMLA]]) at the {{UNI|University of Alberta|UAlberta}}, Edmonton, AB.<ref name="lander1997">{{REFjournal |last=Lander |init=J |first=Janice |author-link= |last2=Brady-Frerer |init2=B |first2=Barbara |author2-link= |last3=Metcalfe |init3=JB |first3=James B. |author3-link= |last4=Nazerali |init4=S |first4=Shermin |author4-link= |last5=Muttit |init5=S |first5=Sarah |author5-link= |LanderJ etal=no |title= Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision |journal=JAMA |location= |date=1997-12-24 |volume=278 |issue=24 |pages=2157-64 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/lander/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=9417009 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2020-11-10}}</ref>
With no anaesthesia, the infants screamed continuously. Newborns in the untreated placebo group exhibited homogeneous responses that consisted of sustained elevation of heart rate and high pitched cry throughout the [[circumcision]] and following. Two newborns in the placebo group became ill following circumcision (choking and apnea). One experienced projectile vomiting.<ref name="lander1997" />
=== College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia (CPSBC) ===
The [https://www.cpsbc.ca/ College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia] has issued three guidances for its members regarding non-therapeutic male circumcision of children. The most recent (2009) says in part:
=== Canadian Urological Association (CUA) ===
The [[Canadian Urological Association]] (CUA) considered the matter of circumcision and issued a statement in February 2018. The CUA concluded:
==Non-availability of third-party payment==
Canada has fourteen single-payer health insurance plans (HIPs) — one for each of the ten provinces and three territories and a 14th plan for government employees. The British Columbia HIP stopped paying for non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] in 1984. Ontario HIP stopped payment for non-therapeutic circumcision in July 1995; Saskatchewan stopped in 1996. One by one, all other HIPs have stopped paying for non-therapeutic circumcision. In 2006, Manitoba HIP was the last to stop, but only after the wrong boy was [[circumcised]] at [http://www.sbgh.mb.ca/ St. Boniface Hospital].<ref>{{REFnews
|title=Circumcision mix-up
|DOI=
|accessdate=2019-11-10
}}</ref> <ref name="rediger-muller2013"/>
With the decline in the incidence of [[circumcision]] in Canada that started decades ago, there are fewer and fewer [[circumcised]] fathers, so one would expect the incidence of circumcision in Canada to continue to decline.
===Canadian Medical Association Code of Ethics and Professionalism===
The CMA code has two statements relevant to the non-therapeutic circumcision of male infants:
* Never participate in or support practices that violate basic [[human rights]].
* Never participate in or condone the practice of torture or any form of cruel, inhuman, or degrading procedure.<ref name="cma2018">{{REFdocument
|accessdate=2021-07-08
}}</ref>
It therefore appears that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is unethical in Canada.
===Lawsuit===
|quote=
}}</ref>
===Third-party payment is not available===
At the beginning of the 21st Century, only the Manitoba Health Insurance Plan (HIP) still paid for non-therapeutic circumcision, however that Manitoba HIP ended payment in 2006.<ref name="skeldon2008" />No insurance coverage of non-therapeutic circumcision is currently available.
===The incidence of circumcision varies widely by region===
Saskatchewan had an incidence of circumcision in 2000 and 2001 of 27.6 percent. The Saskatchewan College of Physicians and Surgeons said in 2002 that was much too high and should be reduced substantially. The Registrar, Dr. Dennis Kimble, said, "they [doctors] aren't required to carry out a procedure simply because parents want it done."<ref>{{REFnews
|title=Sask. college wants circumcision rates reduced
|quote=
}}</ref>
===The most recent survey was done in 2006-7===
</blockquote>
In all provinces and territories, only a minority of boys are being [[circumcised]]. Sheldon (2008) reported an incidence of 13.9 percent.<ref name="skeldon2008" /> The incidence of circumcision in Labrador and Newfoundland is reported to be close to zero.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://momlovesbest.com/choosing-circumcision
|title=Circumcision: Pros and Cons
The incidence of circumcision in Canada is believed to be one-half or less than that of the [[United States]].
The above referenced survey provides the most recent available statistics on the incidence of non-therapeutic child circumcision in Canada.
===Factors pushing the incidence of non-therapeutic circumcision down===
{{Citation
|Text=Our survey findings indicate that most physicians performing neonatal circumcisions in our community have received informal and unstructured training. This lack of formal instruction may explain the complications and unsatisfactory results witnessed in our pediatric urology practice. Many practitioners are not aware of the contraindications to neonatal circumcision and most non-surgeons perform the procedure without being able to handle common post-surgical complications.
|ref=<ref name="demaria2013">{{REFjournal
|last=De Maria
|first=
|quote=
}}</ref> The CBC reported:
<blockquote>
Among the complications, two boys were rushed to hospital with potentially life-threatening bleeds, one after a portion of his [[penis ]] was amputated and the other with arterial bleeding.
Other boys experienced complications like swelling, pain, embedded gauze from improper wound care, possible infections and disfigurement.
At least one boy's [[penis ]] was left so deformed he required a revision surgery.<ref name="glowaki2018" />
</blockquote>
The circumcisions performed by Dr. Ahmad were performed for cultural reasons, not medical reasons, so they were not insured by Manitoba Health. The CBC reported:
<blockquote>
Along with malpractice, the college found Ahmad displayed several "multi-dimensional" professional shortcomings.
}}</ref>
As of 2022, [[third-party payment]] for non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] has not been available anywhere in Canada since 2006.<ref name="skeldon2008" /> Moreover, non-therapeutic circumcision is not done in most hospitals,<ref name="jamesloewen2019" /> so parents who want to have a boy [[circumcised ]] must take the boy to the surgery of a practitioner who specializes in non-therapeutic male circumcision, and furthermore must pay out of pocket. For example, the cost of circumcision of a newborn boy in New Brunswick is C$425 ranging up to C$1500 for a teenager or adult.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://gentleproceduresnb.ca/circumcision/cost-how-much/
|title=Circumcision Pricing & Insurance Coverage
==Video==
[[Christopher Guest]], {{MD}}, {{FRCPC}}, of Barrie, {{CAPTC|ON}}, discusses circumcision in Canada:
<youtube>7-vbutOy4X8</youtube>
A news report on circumcision in Canada.
<youtube>Yf06OSHcZc8</youtube>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Canadian Children's Rights Council]]