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The '''risks and complications''' of male circumcision are extensive and only gradually being recognized by medical authorities.
Male [[circumcision]] is a surgical operation that amputates a [[Foreskin| body part]] with various protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions. When considering the complications, risks, and other disadvantages, one must consider the surgical risks and also the loss of function inherent in the loss of a body part. Adverse [[Sexual effects of circumcision| sexual ]] and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological ]] effects have been identified, that should be considered in assessing the total risk of a proposed circumcision.
A wide range of surgical complications occur in 2-10% of the cases. The risks are classified as [[bleeding]], [[infection]], and surgical mishap.<ref>Williams, N; L. Kapila (October 1993). "[http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/williams-kapila/#n14 Complications of circumcision]". ''Brit J Surg'' 80 (10): 1231-6.</ref>