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September 2021 saw == Population-based studies =={{Population-based studies}} ==Two African surveys==The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa. French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the publication incidence of two huge population HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men. In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:<blockquote>In couple studies , the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the relationship amount of circumcision effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal |last=Garenne |first=Michel |init=M |author-link=Michel Garenne |title=Changing relationships between HIV infectionprevalence and circumcision in Lesotho |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/ |date=2022-04-04 |journal=J Biosoc Sci |volume=online ahead of print |pages=1-16 |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153 |pubmedID=35373731 |accessdate=2022-10-28}}</ref> </blockquote>
# Mayan et al. In his second report, Garenne (20212022) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontariopresented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, [[Canada]] (569Malawi,950 males)Namibia, of whom 203Zambia,588 (35Zimbabwe).7%) were He reported:<blockquote> "Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised between 1991 ]] and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="mayan2021garenne2022B">{{REFjournal |last=MayanGarenne |first=MadhurMichael
|last2=Hamilton
|first2=Robert J.
|init2=RJ
|author2-link=
|last3=Juurlink
|first3=David N.
|init3=DN
|author3-link=
|last4=Austin
|first4=Peter C.
|init4=PC
|author4-link=
|last5=Jarvi
|first5=Keith A.
|init5=KA
|author5-link=
HIV
,→Attempts to link lack of circumcision to HIV infection
|DOI=10.2217/17469600.2.3.193
|accessdate=2021-11-29
}}</ref>
''Medical News Today'' (2008) reported that a medical study found that circumcision is not effective in preventing infection in men who have sex with men.<ref name="MNT2008">{{REFnews
|title=Circumcision Not Effective In Preventing HIV Among MSM, Study Finds
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2008/2008-10-09_medicalnewstoday.php
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Medical News Today
|date=2008-10-09
|accessdate=2024-07-26
|quote=According to the study, there was minimal difference in HIV infections between those MSM who were circumcised and those who were not
}}</ref>
[[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] & [[George Hill|Hill]] (2011) studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref>
A circumcision program in Kenya failed to reduce the incidence of HIV infection. In fact, the incidence of infection rose from 3.5% to 3.8%. The circumcision program was deemed to be a total failure.<ref>{{REFnews
|title=Big Blow as circumcision of LUO MEN fails to reduce HIV/AIDS infections in Nyanza
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2013/2013-09-11_kenyandailypost.php
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=The Kenyan Daily Post (Nairobi)
|date=2013-09-13
|accessdate=2024-09-13
|quote=However, according to the new survey, the efforts seem to have exacerbated the situation as HIV infection increased from the previous 14.9% to 15.1%.
}}</ref>
[[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & [[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] (2018) further elaborated on these findings and suggested possible coordination between the RCTs and hinted at the possibility of fraud.<ref name= "vanhowe2018">{{REFjournal
}}</ref>
PEPFAR (2025) has scrapped its ineffective and harmful "voluntary male medical circumcision" (VMMC) program after 15 years and at least 27,000,000 harmful and useless [[foreskin]] amputations.<ref name="gwarisa2025">{{REFnews |title=PopulationNew PEPFAR Waiver Scraps Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program |url=https://healthtimes.co.zw/2025/02/07/new-pepfar-waiver-scraps-voluntary-medical-male-circumcision-program/ |last=Gwarisa |first=Michael |init= |author-link= |publisher=Healthtimes |website= |date=2025-02-07 |accessdate=2025-02-based studies16 |format= |quote=}}</ref> The [[United States]] government will no longer pay for harmful circumcisions in Africa.
|init=M
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision Age-incidence and Risk prevalence of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canadaamong intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa |trans-title= |language= |journal=J UrolBiosoc Sci |location= |date=20212022-10-0926 |season= |volume= |issue= |article= |page= |pages=1-2313 |url=https://www.auajournalscambridge.org/doicore/pdfjournals/10.1097journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/JU.0000000000002234CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50 |archived= |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada. |pubmedID=3455159336286328 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.10971017/JU.0000000000002234S0021932022000414 |accessdate=20212022-10-0227}}</ref># [[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</refblockquote> No association between circumcision status and risk of HIV infection was found.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumcision and HIV]]
[[Category:Initialism]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[de:HIV]]