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|quote=
}}</ref> Normally, the [[glans]] is covered by the [[foreskin]], which moisturizes the area by [[transudation]], keeping the surface of the glans and inner [[mucosa]] moist and supple. After [[circumcision]], however, the glans and surrounding [[mucosa]] become permanently externalized, and they are exposed to the air and the constant abrasion of clothing. These areas dry out, causing layers of protective keratin to build, giving the [[glans ]]and remaining [[mucosa]] a dry, leathery, calloused appearance and reducing sensation.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Intactivism/comments/1n0bp6p/keratinisation_ruins_the_look_and_the_sensation/
|title=Keratinisation ruins the look and the sensation of the penis after being circumcised.
|date=2025-08-25
|accessdate=2025-08-27
}}</ref>The layer of [[keratin]] tends to crack, so the keratinized [[glans penis] frequently exhibits cracks.
The color of the [[glans penis]] in Caucasian males will vary. In [[intact]] males, the color of the glans penis is likely have a purple tint, while in [[circumcised]] and keratinized males the oolor is likely to be pinkish or flesh colored.
}}</ref>
Recent studies have shown this hypothesis to be false. One study found that there is "no difference between the keratinization of the inner and outer aspects of the adult male foreskin," and that "keratin layers alone were unlikely to explain why [[intact]] men were formerly believed to be at higher risk for [[HIV]] infection, however keratinization of the [[glans penis ]] was not measured."<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Dinh
|init=MH