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|| an amateur, an uncle on Tikopia, and on Ra'ivavae those appointed have to lend a hand themselves
|| Initiation rite
|| usually carried out between the ages of 8 and 10 years (on Niue at the age of 8, in Fiji during [[puberty]])
|| still in use, but increasingly being replaced by radical circumcisions in the Philippines
|| a dorsal incision in which the [[foreskin ]] is cut open and the [[glans ]] is exposed, but no tissue is removed|| Exposed [[glans]], [[skin]] flaps on the underside of the [[penis]]
|| strong
|| no
|| ?
|| A horizontal incision is made on the top of the [[foreskin]] and the [[glans]] is pulled through.
|| Exposed [[glans]], flaps of [[skin]] on the underside of the penis
|| strong
|| no
|| ?
|| still in use
|| 4 incisions are made in the [[foreskin]], the [[glans ]] is exposed, but no tissue is removed|| bared glans, 4 [[skin]] flaps, similar to a flower, around the [[glans]]
|| very strong
|| no
|| still in use
|| The [[foreskin]] is pulled forward and previously partially cut off with a sharp stone, today with a razor blade.
|| partially bared [[glans]], loss of sensitive tissue
|| very strong
|| no
|| the barber, a circumciser, sometimes a doctor (who then usually circumcises radically)
|| Initiation rite, tradition
|| varying, always before [[puberty]]
|| yes
|| The [[foreskin]] is pulled forward and previously partially cut off with a sharp stone, today with a razor blade or a scalpel. If carried out by a surgeon, parts of both [[skin]] layers are usually removed and, if necessary, then sutured.
|| partially, after [[puberty ]] mostly completely bare [[glans]], visible scar, loss of sensitive tissue
|| very strong (with anesthesia: no pain, but possibly unpleasant after-effects)
|| no or rarely
|| yes
|| The [[foreskin]] is pulled forward and previously partially cut off with a sharp stone, today with a razor blade or a scalpel. If carried out by a surgeon, parts of both [[skin]] layers are usually removed and, if necessary, then sutured.
|| partially, after [[puberty ]] mostly completely bare [[glans]], visible scar, loss of sensitive tissue
|| very strong (with anesthesia: no pain, but possibly unpleasant after-effects)
|| today always
|| varying, mostly in children
|| yes
|| the inner foreskin layer is removed, the outer [[skin]] layer is folded inward and sewn to the base of the [[glans]]|| Largely bared glans, great loss of sensitive tissue. The purpose of the technique is to leave a certain reserve of [[skin]] and to make the [[circumcision scar ]] invisible.
|| no (possibly unpleasant after-effects)
|| yes
|| seldom
|| The [[foreskin]] is completely cut away (after it has been incised and torn from the [[glans]] in babies and toddlers). Various devices are usually used for this. The frenulum is also sometimes removed.
|| completely bared [[glans]], great loss of sensitive tissue, visible scar, mostly missing [[skin]] reserve for erections
|| extremely strong
|| with babies mostly no
|| a doctor
|| to emulate the Americans
|| mostly before [[puberty]]
|| very often
|| The [[foreskin]] is completely cut away (after it has been incised and torn from the [[glans ]] in babies and toddlers). Various devices are usually used for this. The [[frenulum]] is also sometimes removed.
|| completely bared [[glans]], great loss of sensitive tissue, visible scar, mostly missing [[skin]] reserve for erections
|| extremely strong
|| on the [[Tuli| Philippines]]
|| a doctor
|| from traditional tradition (originally to contain [[masturbation]]), e.g. as a replacement for traditional superincision
|| usually between the ages of 8 and 10 years
|| often
|| The [[foreskin ]] is completely cut away (after it has been incised and torn from the [[glans ]] in babies and toddlers). Various devices are usually used for this. The [[frenulum]] is also sometimes removed.|| completely bared [[glans]], great loss of sensitive tissue, visible scar, mostly missing [[skin]] reserve for erections
|| extremely strong
|| with babies mostly no
|| ?
|| ?
|| The [[urethra]] is sliced at the bottom of the [[penis]].
|| Urinating while standing becomes impossible.
|| strong