Pathological phimosis: Difference between revisions

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-{{Construction Site}}
+'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is the condition of having a non-retractile [[foreskin]] caused by the abnormal, unhealthy, or morbid existence of disease.
-'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is the condition of having a non-retractile [[foreskin]] caused by the abnormal, unhealthy, morbid existence of disease.
 ==Pathological phimosis in boys==
-Rickwood et al. (1980) reported that pathological phimosis in boys is almost always caused by [[Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans]]. Phimosis is defined as "scarring of the tip of the prepuce."<ref>{{REFdocument
+Rickwood et al. (1980) reported that pathological phimosis in boys is almost always caused by [[balanitis xerotica obliterans]]. Phimosis is defined as "scarring of the tip of the prepuce."<ref name="rickwood1980">{{REFjournal
- |title=Phimosis in boys
- |trans-title=
- |language=
- |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/rickwood/
- |archived=
- |contribution=
- |quote=
- |trans-quote=
- |quote-lang=
   |last=Rickwood
-  |first=AM
+  |first=
-  |author-link=
+  |init=AM
   |last2=Hemalatha
-  |first2=V
+  |first2=
-  |author2-link=Batcup
+ |init2=V
-  |first3=G
+  |author2=
+ |last3=Batcup
+  |first3=
+ |init3=G
   |author3-link=
   |last4=Spitz
-  |first4=L
+  |first4=
+ |init4=L
   |author4-link=
-  |publisher=Br J Urol
+  |etal=no
+ |title=Phimosis in boys
+ |trans-title=
+ |language=
+ |journal=Br J Urol
+ |location=
+ |date=1980-05
   |volume=52
   |issue=2
   |pages=147-50
   |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/rickwood/
+ |archived=
+ |quote=
+ |pubmedID=7191744
+ |pubmedCID=
+ |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410x.1980.tb02945.x.
+ |accessdate=2025-10-25
+}}</ref>
+Balanitis Xerotical Obliterans (BXO) and Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus (LS) are two names for the same disease.<ref>{{REFjournal
+ |last=Laymon
+ |init=CW
+ |author-link=
+ |last2=freeman
+ |init2=C
+ |author2-link=
+ |url=
+ |title=Relationship of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans to Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus
+ |journal=Arch Dermat Syph
+ |date=1944
+ |volume=48
+ |issue=
+ |pages=57-9
+ |accessdate=2025-10-26
+}}</ref>
+Becker (2011) has provided a comprehensive review of BXO/LS in boys.<ref name="becker2011">{{REFjournal
+ |last=Becker
+ |first=
+ |init=K
+ |author-link=
+ |etal=no
+ |title=Lichen sclerosus in boys
+ |trans-title=
+ |language=
+ |journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int
   |location=
-  |format=
+  |date=2011-01
-  |date=1980-04
+ |volume=108
-  |accessdate=2025-10-23
+ |issue=4
+  |pages=53-8
+ |url=
+ |archived=
+ |quote=
+ |pubmedID=21307992
+ |pubmedCID=3036008
+ |DOI=10.3238/arztebl.2011.053
+ |doi=
+  |accessdate=2025-10-25
 }}</ref>
+Tissue afflicted with BXO/LS typically has a whitish color. BXO/LS frequently attacks the [[foreskin]], making it indurated and non-retractable.<ref name="becker2011" />
+==Pathological phimosis in adults==
+Adult-onset phimosis may also be caused by a yeast infection of the foreskin that makes it hard or impossible to retract the [[foreskin]].<ref>{{REFweb
+ |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23199-male-yeast-infection
+ |title=Male Yeast Infection
+ |last=Anonymous
+ |first=
+ |init=
+ |author-link=
+ |publisher=Cleveland Clinic
+ |date=2022-06-06
+ |accessdate=2025-10-24
+}}</ref>
+BXO (LS) also occurs in adults. It is one of very few recognized medical indications for [[adult circumcision]].<ref name="becker2011" />
 {{SEEALSO}}
+* [[Phimosis]]
 * [[Physiological phimosis]]
+{{REF}}
-{{REF}}
 [[Category:Abnormality]]
+[[Category:Education]]
+[[Category:Medical term]]
+[[Category:Term]]
+[[Category:Parental information]]
 [[Category:Penile disorder]]