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→Physical late effects: Wikify.
=== Physical late effects ===
* An unavoidable late effect of any circumcision is the permanent loss of sexual sensitivity. This is partly due to the removal of sensory tissue. The [[foreskin]] contains very many nerve endings and touch receptors, which account for the major part of male sexual sensation. If the [[foreskin]] is removed, they can no longer provide sexual stimulation. It is also partly due to the fact that the surface of the [[Glans penis|glans]] reacts to the missing protection from friction and drying out by developing a callus layer. This reduces the sensitivity of the remaining nerves in the [[Glans penis|glans]] gradually over the years. The study conducted by Sorrells et al.<ref>{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref> found a significant reduction of sensitivity to touch for [[circumcised ]] compared to [[intact ]] [[penis]]es in adult males. Other studies revealed that [[circumcised ]] men use condoms significantly less often than [[intact ]] men, since they further limit the sexual sensitivity (see above).
* Painful tension can occur when there is too little reserve [[skin]] left to support a full [[erection]]<ref name="taylor1996"/>. This risk is partly dependent on the anatomy of the [[penis]]. While some [[penis]]es already have the majority of their full size when flaccid ([[Flesh Penis]], or "[[shower]]"), others are rather short when flaccid and double or more their size during an [[erection]] ([[Blood Penis]], or "[[grower]]"). Especially in children's circumcision, where the [[penis]] is not yet fully developed, the amount of reserve [[skin]] needed in adulthood cannot be estimated.
}}</ref>
* Orgasm problems: In the wake of reduced sexual sensitivity, due to the loss of sensory tissue and gradual [[keratinization]] of the surface of the [[Glans penis|glans]], orgasm problems may develop with increasing age. In this case, the sexual arousal created by intercourse or [[masturbation]] is not enough to achieve orgasm. A preliminary stage of this late effect is the prolonged time [[circumcised ]]] men need to reach an orgasm. This is often fielded as the "cut men have more endurance" argument for circumcision.
* Vaginal dryness: Due to the loss of the natural [[gliding action]], which comes from the mobility of the [[foreskin]] and [[shaft skin]], a much increased friction between [[penis]] and [[vagina]] occurs during intercourse. This can make intercourse painful for both partners and lead to abrasions<ref>{{FrischM LindholmM GroenbaekM 2011}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Cortés-González
|pubmedID=18807735
|accessdate=
}}</ref> The prolonged time it takes [[circumcised ]] men to reach orgasm, as well as the often longer and more vigorous thrusting movements - compared to [[intact ]] men - play a part in this.<ref name="ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Fink
|init=KS
* [[Lymphoedema]] of the penis is a normal and expected complication of male circumcision.
* [[Meatal stenosis]], a pathological narrowing of the opening of the [[urethra]], which mostly occurs in infancy and early childhood. It is one of the most common complications of infant circumcision. A study from 2006 found meatal stenosis exclusively in previously [[circumcised ]] boys. The incidence rate after a circumcision is approximately 10 to 20 percent.<ref name="vanhowe2006">{{REFjournal
|last=Van Howe
|init=RS