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}}</ref>, as well as problems with nurturing, up to the point of refusal to be fed. The sleeping habits of these babies were also disturbed, with prolonged non-REM sleep and increased waking.
* In boys [[circumcised ]] in childhood, [[posttraumatic stress disorder]] ([[PTSD]]) could be diagnosed. In a study on Philippine boys, in whom no [[PTSD]] was found prior to the operation, 69% of the boys circumcised in the traditional ritual and 51% of those [[circumcised ]] by standard medical procedures (including anaesthesia) fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD following the operation.<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Ramos
|init=S
|note=
}}</ref>
* Circumcisions, especially those that happen without consent, can spark feelings of helplessness and alienation, which can persist as trauma. These feeling can also be triggered later, when someone [[circumcised ]] as an infant becomes aware of his circumcision. In an online study, interviewed men stated they felt betrayed - 55% by the mother, 50% by the father, and 58% by the doctor, and 73% felt that their [[human rights]] had been violated.<ref name="GSoCH">{{REFweb
|url=http://www.circumcisionharm.org/
|title=Global Survey of Circumcision Harm
|accessdate=2019-10-12
}}</ref>
* It can frequently be found that the loss is denied, much as happens with the loss of other body parts. This denial can lead to fathers having their sons [[circumcised ]] in order not to be reminded of their own loss. In this process, their own body is defined as "normal" and the [[foreskin]] redefined as a foreign object. Their own parents are seen as "good", so that this image is projected onto the circumcision their parents carried out as well, in order to keep the positive emotion intact. The father wants to be a "good" father later in life as well, and so, following an idealised image of his own parents, circumcision, which has been redefined as a "good thing", is passed on to his son by having him circumcised as well.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=van der Kolk
|init=BA
|accessdate=2019-10-12
}}</ref>
* If the [[circumcised ]] male feels incomplete, or due to the missing [[foreskin]] disadvantaged compared to [[intact ]] males, an inferiority complex and depression may occur. This can be accompanied by conscious recognition of his own incompleteness, or the deficiency may remain completely subconscious<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Rhinehart
|init=J
|pages=215-21
|accessdate=2019-10-12
}}</ref>. In an online study, 75% of those interviewed stated that they felt incomplete, and 66% said they felt inferior compared with [[intact ]] males.<ref name="GSoCH"/>
* Cases in which children felt ill treated or punished have been documented as well. G. Cansever found in her study on 12 boys aged between 4 and 7 years, who had previously been prepared for their impending circumcision, that the children experienced the operation as an aggressive assault on their bodies.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Cansever
|accessdate=2021-11-02
}}</ref>
== Complications ==
=== Pain ===