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Most people having experienced a traumatizing event will not develop PTSD.<ref>National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56494/ "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care"]. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 26. Gaskell (Royal College of Psychiatrists). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0015848/ Lay summary] – Pubmed Health (plain English).</ref> People who experience assault-based trauma are more likely to develop PTSD, as opposed to people who experience non-assault based trauma such as witnessing trauma, accidents, and fire events.<ref>Zoladz, Phillip (June 2013). "Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: A search for clarity in a conflicting literature". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 37 (5): 860-895. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2013.03.024</ref> Children are less likely to experience PTSD after trauma than adults, especially if they are under ten years of age. War veterans are commonly at risk for PTSD.
Most people having experienced a traumatizing event will not develop PTSD.<ref>National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56494/ "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care"]. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 26. Gaskell (Royal College of Psychiatrists). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0015848/ Lay summary] – Pubmed Health (plain English).</ref> People who experience assault-based trauma are more likely to develop PTSD, as opposed to people who experience non-assault based trauma such as witnessing trauma, accidents, and fire events.<ref>Zoladz, Phillip (June 2013). "Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: A search for clarity in a conflicting literature". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 37 (5): 860-895. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2013.03.024</ref> Children are less likely to experience PTSD after trauma than adults, especially if they are under ten years of age. War veterans are commonly at risk for PTSD.
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===Child circumcision as a traumatizing eveɲt===
The male [[circumcision]] operation to amputate the [[foreskin]] has been shown to be a traumatic event.
Taddio & colleagues (1995)(1997) studied the effect of neonatal circumcision on the behavior of boys after surgery and at the time of vaccination. It was found that circumcised boys had a higher pain response at time of vaccination six months later as compared with intact boys,<ref name="taddio"1995">{{REFjournal
|last=Taddio
|init=A
|first=Anna
|author-link=
|last2=Goldbach
|init2=M
|first2=Morton
|author2-link=
|last3=Ipp
|init3=M
|first3=Moshe
|author3-link=
|last4=Stevens
|init4=S
|first4=Bonnie
|author4-link=
|last5=Koren
|init5=G
|first5=Gideon
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination in boys
|journal=Lancet
|location=
|date=1995
|volume=344
|issue=
|pages=291-2
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/taddio/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=7837863
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90278-3
|accessdate=2020-11-10
}}</ref> <ref name="taddio1997">{{REFjournal
|last=Taddio
|init=A
|first=Anna
|author-link=
|last2=Katz
|init2=J
|first2=Joel
|author2-link=
|last3=Ilersich
|init3=AL
|first3=A. Lane
|author3-link=
|last4=Gideon
|init4=K
|first4=Koren
|author4-link=
|etal=no
|title=Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination
|journal=Lancet
|location=
|date=1997-03-01
|volume=342
|issue=9052
|pages=599-603
|url=https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/7941/KAT036.pdf?sequence=1&origin=publication_detail
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=9057731
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10316-0
|accessdate=2020-11-28
}}</ref> showing that the nervous system had been permanently sensitized to heightened pain sensation.
Taddio ''et al''. (1997) concluded:
<blockquote>
Although postsurgical central sensitisation (allodynia and hyperalgesia) can extend to sites of the body distal from the wound, suggesting a supraspinal effect, the long-term consequences of surgery done without anaesthesia are likely to include post-traumatic stress as well as pain. It is, therefore, possible that the greater vaccination response in the infants circumcised without anaesthesia may represent an <u>infant analogue of a post-traumatic stress disorder</u> triggered by a traumatic and painful event and re-experienced under similar circumstances of pain during vaccination.<ref name="taddio1997" />
</blockquote>
John Rhinehart, M. D., (1999) a clinical psychiatrist, reported finding numerous cases of PTSD in his adult male patients pursuant to infant circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Rhinehart
|init=J
|first=John
|author-link=
|title=Neonatal circumcision reconsidered
|journal=Tranactional Analysis Journal
|date=1999-07
|volume=29
|issue=3
|pages=215-21
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/
|accessdate=2020-11-28
}}</ref>


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{{SEEALSO}}
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