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== Surgical techniques ==
Surgical techniques of foreskin restoration are historical. They are seldom, if ever, used today because they have not given good results.
Surgical methods of foreskin restoration, sometimes known as foreskin reconstruction, usually involve a method of grafting skin onto the distal portion of the penile shaft. The grafted skin is typically taken from the scrotum, which contains the same smooth muscle (known as [[dartos|dartos fascia]]) as does the skin of the penis. One method involves a four stage procedure in which the shaft is buried in the scrotum for a period of time.<ref name="Greer">{{REFjournal
|last=Greer
|first=Donald M.
|init=DM
|last2=Mohl
|first2=Paul C.
|init2=PC
|last3=Sheley
|first3=Kathy A.
|init3=KA
|title=A technique for foreskin reconstruction and some preliminary results
|journal=The Journal of Sex Research
|volume=18
|issue=4
|pages=324-330
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/greer1/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1080/00224498209551158
|date=1982
|accessdate=
}}</ref> Such techniques are costly, and have the potential to produce unsatisfactory results or serious complications related to the skin graft.
British Columbia resident [[Paul Tinari]] was held down and [[circumcised]] at eight years old, in what he stated was "a routine form of punishment" for [[masturbation]] at [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis-experiences-at-residential-school residential schools]. Following a lawsuit, Tinari's surgical foreskin restoration was covered by the British Columbia Ministry of Health. The plastic surgeon who performed the restoration was the first in [[Canada]] to have done such an operation, and used a technique similar to that described above.<ref name="Tyee article">{{REFjournal
|last=Euringer
|first=Amanda
|init=A
|title=BC Health Pays to Restore Man's Foreskin
|journal=The Tyee
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=
|url=http://thetyee.ca/News/2006/07/25/Circumcision/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=2006-07-25
|accessdate=
}}</ref><ref name="NRM article">{{REFjournal
|last=Laliberté
|first=Jennifer
|init=J
|title=BC man's foreskin op a success
|journal=National Review of Medicine
|volume=3
|issue=12
|pages=
|url=http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2006/06_30/3_patients_practice01_12.html
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=2006-06-30
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
See also: [[Surgical foreskin restoration]]
=== Results ===
Results of surgical foreskin restoration are much faster, but are often described as unsatisfactory, and most restoration groups advise against them.
Relocate section.
|accessdate=2019-09-30
}}</ref> Since its founding, several NORM chapters have been founded throughout the [[United States]], as well as internationally in [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and Germany.
== Surgical techniques ==
Surgical techniques of foreskin restoration are historical. They are seldom, if ever, used today because they have not given good results.
Surgical methods of foreskin restoration, sometimes known as foreskin reconstruction, usually involve a method of grafting skin onto the distal portion of the penile shaft. The grafted skin is typically taken from the scrotum, which contains the same smooth muscle (known as [[dartos|dartos fascia]]) as does the skin of the penis. One method involves a four stage procedure in which the shaft is buried in the scrotum for a period of time.<ref name="Greer">{{REFjournal
|last=Greer
|first=Donald M.
|init=DM
|last2=Mohl
|first2=Paul C.
|init2=PC
|last3=Sheley
|first3=Kathy A.
|init3=KA
|title=A technique for foreskin reconstruction and some preliminary results
|journal=The Journal of Sex Research
|volume=18
|issue=4
|pages=324-330
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/greer1/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1080/00224498209551158
|date=1982
|accessdate=
}}</ref> Such techniques are costly, and have the potential to produce unsatisfactory results or serious complications related to the skin graft.
British Columbia resident [[Paul Tinari]] was held down and [[circumcised]] at eight years old, in what he stated was "a routine form of punishment" for [[masturbation]] at [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis-experiences-at-residential-school residential schools]. Following a lawsuit, Tinari's surgical foreskin restoration was covered by the British Columbia Ministry of Health. The plastic surgeon who performed the restoration was the first in [[Canada]] to have done such an operation, and used a technique similar to that described above.<ref name="Tyee article">{{REFjournal
|last=Euringer
|first=Amanda
|init=A
|title=BC Health Pays to Restore Man's Foreskin
|journal=The Tyee
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=
|url=http://thetyee.ca/News/2006/07/25/Circumcision/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=2006-07-25
|accessdate=
}}</ref><ref name="NRM article">{{REFjournal
|last=Laliberté
|first=Jennifer
|init=J
|title=BC man's foreskin op a success
|journal=National Review of Medicine
|volume=3
|issue=12
|pages=
|url=http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2006/06_30/3_patients_practice01_12.html
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=2006-06-30
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
See also: [[Surgical foreskin restoration]]
=== Results ===
Results of surgical foreskin restoration are much faster, but are often described as unsatisfactory, and most restoration groups advise against them.
== Nonsurgical techniques ==
When the [[glans penis]] is habitually covered by the regrown foreskin, the increase in protection, plus moisture and oil from [[transudation]] provided by the new [[foreskin]], will result in [[Keratinization#De-keratinization_treatment| de-keratinization]] of the [[glans penis]] and increase in sensation.
== Physical aspects ==