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→Philo and circumcision: Update URL.
Philo of Alexandria advanced four reasons for [[circumcision]]: protection against the "severe and incurable malady of the prepuce called anthrax or carbuncle"; the promotion of the cleanliness of the whole body as befits the consecrated order; the analogy of the circumcised member to the heart (following Jeremiah); and the promotion of fertility.<ref name="james1976" /> Philo also claimed that circumcision "spiritualizes" the Jewish male by decreasing pride and pleasure, hence enhancing the spiritual persona of the Israelite male (De Circumcisione, 11:210).<ref>{{REFweb
|quote=
|url=http://wwwecmarsh.jewishvirtuallibrary.orgcom/jsourcecrl/judaicaphilo/ejud_0002_0004_0_04318book27.htm#:~:text=Book%2027%3A%20Philo%2C%20The%20Special%20Laws%2C%20I.%20Yonge%27s,is%20turned%20into%20ridicule%20by%20people%20in%20general.html
|title=Jewish Virtual Library: CIRCUMCISION
|last=
|first=Philo
|publisher=
|date=2008
|accessdate=20122021-1206-2920
}}</ref>