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In the long history of genital mutilation aka [[foreskin]] amputation aka [[circumcision]], there have been many alleged reasons why this should be a ''medical procedure''.
{{Incomplete}}
== Foreskin causes ==
* clubfoot - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875">{{REFjournal
|last=Sayre
|first=Lewis A.
|init=LA
|author-link=Lewis Albert Sayre
|title=Spinal anaemia with partial paralysis and want of coordination, from irritation of the genital organs
|journal=Transactions of the American Medical Association
|date=1875
|volume=26
|issue=
|pages=255-274
}}</ref>
* crossed eyes - 1886: William G. Eggleston<ref name="Eggleston1886">{{REFjournal
|last=Eggleston
|first=William G.
|init=WG
|title=Two cases of reflex paraplegia(one with aphasia) from tape-worm and phimosis
|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association
|date=1886-05-08
|volume=6
|issue=19
|pages=511-515
}}</ref>
* curvature of the spine - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>
* dirt under the foreskin in newborns: 1941: Allan F. Guttmacher<ref name="Guttmacher1941">{{REFjournal
|last=Guttmacher
|first=Allan F.
|init=AF
|title=Should the baby be circumcised?
|journal=Parents Magazine
|date=1941-09
|volume=16
|issue=9
|pages=26,76-78
|url=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
* epilepsy - 1902: Roswell Park<ref name="Park1902">{{REFjournal
|last=Park
|first=Roswell
|init=R
|title=The surgical treatment of epilepsy
|journal=American Medicine
|date=1902-11-22
|volume=4
|issue=21
|pages=807-809
|url=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
* masturbation (females) - 1918 Belle Eskridge<ref name="Eskridge1918">{{REFjournal
|last=Eskridge
|first=Belle C.
|init=BC
|title=Why not circumcise the girl as well as the boy?
|journal=Texas State Journal of Medicine
|date=1918-05
|volume=14
|pages=17-19
}}</ref>
* masturbation (males) - 1891: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1891">{{REFjournal
|last=Hutchinson
|first=Jonathan
|init=J
|author-link=Jonathan Hutchinson
|title=On circumcision as preventive of masturbation
|journal=Archives of Surgery
|date=1891-01
|volume=2
|issue=7
|pages=267-269
}}</ref>, 1901: Ernest G. Mark<ref name="Mark1901">{{REFjournal
|last=Mark
|first=Ernest G.
|init=EG
|title=Circumcision
|journal=American Practitioner and News
|date=1901-02-15
|volume=31
|issue=4
|pages=122-126
|url=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
* masturbation (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{REFjournal
|last=Miller
|init=RL
|last2=Snyder
|init2=DC
|title=Immediate circumcision of the newborn male
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|date=1953-01
|volume=6
|issue=1
|pages=1-11
}}</ref>
* neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson
* paralysis of the bladder - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>
In 1958, C.F. McDonald said "the same reasons that apply for the circumcision of males are generally valid when considered for the female."<ref name="McDonald1958">{{REFjournal
|last=McDonald
|init=CF
|title=Circumcision of the female
|journal=General Practitioner
|date=1958-09
|volume=18
|issue=3
|pages=98-99
}}</ref>
In 1966, Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without foreskin.
({{NOTE}} Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that circumcision has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)<ref name="MastersJohnson1966">{{REFbook
|last=Masters and Johnson
|year=1966
|title=Human Sexual Response
|location=Boston, MA
|publisher=Little Brown & Co
}}</ref>
== Cure through FGM ==
* clitoris easier findable by husband - 1959: W.G. Rathmann<ref name="Rathmann1959">{{REFjournal
|last=Rathmann
|init=WG
|title=Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique
|journal=General Practitioner
|date=1959-09
|volume=20
|issue=9
|pages=115-120
}}</ref>
* HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R.Y. Stallings<ref name="Stallings2005">{{REFconference
|place=Rio de Janeiro
|title=Female circumcision and HIV infection in Tanzania: for better or for worse?
|last=Stallings
|first=R.Y.
|source=Third International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment
|date=2005-07-25
|note=25-27 July 2005
}}</ref>
== Cure through MGM ==
* abdominal neuralgia - 1879: H.H. Kane<ref name="Kane1879">{{REFjournal
|last=Kane
|init=HH
|title=Seminal emissions, abdominal neuralgia: circumcision: cure
|journal=Southern Clinic
|date=1879-10
|volume=2
|issue=1
|pages=8-11
}}</ref>
* bed wetting - 1873: Joseph Bell<ref name="Bell1873">{{REFjournal
|last=Bell
|first=Joseph
|init=J
|title=Nocturnal incontinence of urine cured by circumcision
|journal=Edinburgh Medical Journal
|date=1873-05
|volume=1
|issue=9
|page=1034
}}</ref>
* blindness - 1890: William D. Gentry<ref name="Gentry1890">{{REFjournal
|last=Gentry
|first=William D.
|init=WD
|title=Nervous derangements produced by sexual irregularities in boys
|journal=Medical Current
|date=Jul 1890
|volume=6
|issue=7
|pages=268-274
}}</ref>
* deafness - 1890: William D. Gentry<ref name="Gentry1890"/>
* dumbness - 1890: William D. Gentry<ref name="Gentry1890"/>
* epilepsy - 1865: Nathaniel Heckford<ref name="Heckford1865">{{REFjournal
|last=Heckford
|first=Nathaniel
|init=N
|title=Circumcision as a remedial measure in certain cases of epilepsy and chorea
|journal=Clinical Lectures and Reports by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the London Hospital
|date=1865
|volume=2
|pages=58-64
}}</ref>, 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 epilepsy">{{REFjournal
|last=Sayre
|first=Lewis A.
|init=LA
|author-link=Lewis Albert Sayre
|title=Circumcision versus epilepsy, etc; Transcription of the New York Pathological Society meeting of June 8, 1870
|journal=Medical Record
|date=1870-07-15
|volume=5
|issue=10
|pages=231-234
|url=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>, 1902: Roswell Park<ref name="Park1902"/>, 1930: Norton Henry Bare<ref name="Bare1930">{{REFjournal
|last=Bare
|first=Norton Henry
|init=NH
|title=Surgical treatment of epilepsy with report of case
|journal=The China Medical Journal
|date=1930-11
|volume=4
|issue=11
|pages=1109-1113
}}</ref>
* eye problems believed to be caused by masturbation - 1881: Maximillian Landesburg<ref name="Landesburg1881">{{REFjournal
|last=Landesburg
|first=Maximillian
|init=M
|title=On affections of the eye caused by masturbation
|journal=Medical Bulletin
|date=1881-04
|volume=3
|issue=4
|pages=79-81
}}</ref>
* immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{REFjournal
|last=Miller
|init=RL
|last2=Snyder
|init2=DC
|title=Immediate circumcision of the newborn male
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|date=1953-01
|volume=6
|issue=1
|pages=1-11
}}</ref>
* masturbation (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/>
* neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson<ref name="Dawson1915">{{REFjournal
|last=Dawson
|first=Benjamin E.
|init=BE
|title=Circumcision in the Female: Its Necessity and How to Perform It
|journal=American Journal of Clinical Medicine
|date=1915-06
|volume=22
|issue=66
|pages=520-523
}}</ref>
* nocturnal seminal emissions (i.e. wet dreams) - 1832: Claude-Francois Lallemand<ref name="Lallemand">{{REFbook
|last=Lallemand
|first=Claude-Francois
|year=(1):1836; (2):1839; (3):1842
|title=Des Pertes Seminales Involontaires
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HV4B3UaMUAYC&dq=Des+Pertes+Seminales+Involontaires+1836&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s
|volume=1-3
|pages=(1):463-467; (2):70-162; (3):266-267, 280-289
|accessdate=2011-06-09
}}</ref>, 1879: H.H. Kane<ref name="Kane1879"/>
* rectal incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry<ref name="Rosenberry1894">{{REFjournal
|last=Rosenberry
|init=HL
|title=Incontinence of the urine and faeces, cured by circumcision
|journal=Medical Record
|date=1894-08-11
|volume=4
|issue=6
|page=173
}}</ref>
* sensitiveness of the organ - 1901: Ernest G. Mark<ref name="Mark1901"/>
* urinary incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry<ref name="Rosenberry1894"/>
== Prevention ==
* AIDS - 1986: Aaron J. Fink<ref name="Fink1986">{{REFjournal
|last=Fink
|first=Aaron J.
|init=AJ
|author-link=Aaron J. Fink
|title=A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS
|journal=New England Journal of Medicine
|date=1986-10-30
|volume=31
|issue=18
|page=1167
}}</ref>, 2003: Edgar J. Schoen<ref name="Schoen2003">{{REFjournal
|last=Schoen
|first=Edgar J.
|init=EJ
|author-link=Edgar J. Schoen
|title=It's wise to circumcise: time to change policy
|journal=Pediatrics
|date=2003-06
|volume=111
|issue=6 Pt 1
|pages=1490-1491
}}</ref>
* cancer of the bladder - 1971: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1971">{{REFjournal
|last=Ravich
|first=Abraham
|init=A
|author-link=Abraham Ravich
|title=Viral carcinogenesis in venereally susceptible organs
|journal=Cancer
|date=1971-06
|volume=27
|issue=6
|pages=1493-1496
}}</ref>
* cancer of the rectum - 1971: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1971"/>
* cancer of the tongue - 1949: Eugene H. Hand<ref name="Hand1949">{{REFjournal
|last=Hand
|first=Eugene H.
|init=EH
|#author-link=Eugene H. Hand
|title=Circumcision and venereal disease
|journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology
|date=1949-09
|volume=60
|issue=3
|pages=341-346
}}</ref>
* cervical cancer in women - 1951: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1951">{{REFjournal
|last=Ravich
|first=Abraham
|init=A
|author-link=Abraham Ravich
|title=Prophylaxis of cancer of the prostate, penis, and cervix by circumcision
|journal=New York State Journal of Medicine
|date=1951-06
|volume=51
|issue=12
|pages=1519-1520
}}</ref>, 1954: Ernest L. Wynder<ref name="Wynder1954">{{REFjournal
|last=Wynder
|first=Ernest L.
|init=EL
|author-link=Ernest L. Wynder
|title=A study of environmental factors of carcinoma of the cervix
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|date=1954-10
|volume=68
|issue=4
|pages=10166-52 (??)
}}</ref>
* HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R.Y. Stallings<ref name="Stallings2005"/>
* HIV 'vaccine' - 2007: Robert C. Bailey<ref name="Bailey2007">{{REFjournal
|last=Bailey
|first=Robert C.
|init=RC
|author-link=Robert C. Bailey
|title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention for young men in Kisumu, Kenya
|journal=Lancet
|date=2007
|volume=369
|issue=9562
|pages=643-656
}}</ref>
* inchastity - 1935: R.W. Cockshut<ref name="Cockshut1935">{{REFjournal
|last=Cockshut
|init=RW
|author-link=R. W. Cockshut
|title=Circumcision
|journal=British Medical Journal
|date=1935-10-19
|volume=2
|issue=3902
|page=764
}}</ref>
* [[masturbation]] (females) - 1918: Belle Eskridge<ref name="Eskridge1918"/>
* [[masturbation]] (males) - 1845: Edward H. Dixon<ref name="Dixon">{{REFbook
|last=Dixon
|first=Edward H.
|year=1845
|title=A Treatise on Diseases of the Sexual Organs
|pages=158-165
|location=New York
|publisher=Stringer & Co
|accessdate=2011-06-09
}}</ref>, 1871: M.J. Moses (for Jews)<ref name="Moses1871">{{REFjournal
|last=Moses
|init=MJ
|title=The value of circumcision as a hygienic and therapeutic measure
|journal=New York Medical Journal
|date=1871-11
|volume=14
|issue=4
|pages=368-374
}}</ref>, 1888: John Harvey Kellogg (as punishment)<ref name="Kellogg1888">{{REFbook
|last=Kellogg
|first=John Harvey
|year=1888
|title=Plain Facts for Old and Young.
|url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/KelPlai.html
|editor=Project Gutenberg
|edition=1881 edition
|chapter=Treatment for Self-Abuse and Its Effects
|location=Burlington, Iowa
|publisher=F. Segner & Co
|accessdate=2011-03-21
}}</ref>, 1969: Morris Fishbein<ref name="Fishbein1969">{{REFbook
|last=Fishbein
|first=Morris
|year=1969
|title=Modern Home Medical Adviser
|editor=Garden City
|chapter=Sex hygiene
|pages=90+119
|location=New York
|publisher=Doubleday & Co
}}</ref>
* neonatal group B streptococcal disease - 1988: Aaron J. Fink<ref name="Fink1988">{{REFjournal
|last=Fink
|first=Aaron J.
|init=AJ
|author-link=Aaron J. Fink
|title=Is hygiene enough? Circumcision as a possible strategy to prevent group B streptococcal disease
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|date=1988-08
|volume=159
|issue=2
|pages=534-535
}}</ref>
* nervousness - 1969: Morris Fishbein<ref name="Fishbein1969"/>
* penile cancer - 1926: Abraham L. Wolbarst<ref name="Wolbarst1926">{{REFjournal
|last=Wolbarst
|first=Abraham L.
|init=AL
|title=Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer?
|journal=Cancer
|date=1926-07
|volume=3
|issue=4
|pages=301-310
}}</ref>
* pleasure of sex - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900">{{REFjournal
|last=Hutchinson
|first=Jonathan
|init=J
|author-link=Jonathan Hutchinson
|title=The advantages of circumcision
|journal=The Polyclinic
|date=1900-09
|volume=3
|issue=9
|pages=129-131
}}</ref>
* prostate cancer - 1942: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1942">{{REFjournal
|last=Ravich
|first=Abraham
|init=A
|author-link=Abraham Ravich
|title=The relationship of circumcision to cancer of the prostate
|journal=Journal of Urology
|date=1942-09
|volume=48
|issue=3
|pages=298-299
}}</ref>
* raping whites - 1894: P.C. Remondino (for Blacks)<ref name="Remondino1894">{{REFjournal
|last=Remondino
|init=PC
|title=Negro rapes and their social problems
|journal=National Popular Review
|date=1894-01
|volume=4
|issue=1
|pages=3-6
}}</ref>
* sand from getting into the soldiers' foreskins - 1991: Aaron J. Fink<ref name="Fink1991">{{REFjournal
|last=Fink
|first=Aaron J.
|init=AJ
|author-link=Aaron J. Fink
|title=Circumcision and sand
|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
|date=1991-11
|volume=84
|issue=11
|page=696
}}</ref>
* sensitivity - 1935: R.W. Cockshut, 1941: Allan F. Guttmacher<ref name="Guttmacher1941"/>
* sexual immorality - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900"/>
* spinal paralysis - 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 spinal paralysis">{{REFjournal
|last=Sayre
|first=Lewis A.
|init=LA
|author-link=Lewis Albert Sayre
|title=Partial paralysis from reflex irritation, caused by congenital phimosis and adherent prepuce
|journal=Transactions of the American Medical Association
|date=1870
|volume=21
|pages=205-11
}}</ref>
* syphilis - 1855: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="hutchinson1855">{{REFjournal
|last=Hutchinson
|first=Johnathon
|init=J
|title=On the Influence of Circumcision in Preventing Syphilis
|journal=Medical Times and Gazette
|date=1855
|volume=32
|issue=844
|pages=542-543
|accessdate=2021-09-04
}}</ref>
* UTI (urinary tract infections) - 1985: Thomas E. Wiswell<ref name="Wiswell1985">{{REFjournal
|last=Wiswell
|first=Thomas E.
|init=TE
|author-link=Thomas E. Wiswell
|title=Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants
|journal=Pediatrics
|date=1985-05
|volume=75
|issue=5
|pages=901-3
}}</ref>
* tuberculosis - 1914: Abraham L. Wolbarst<ref name="Wolbarst1914">{{REFjournal
|last=Wolbarst
|first=Abraham L.
|init=AL
|title=Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure
|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association
|date=1914-01-10
|volume=62
|issue=2
|pages=92-97
}}</ref>
* venereal disease - 1949: Eugene H. Hand<ref name="Hand1949"/>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[History of circumcision]]
{{REF}}
[[Category:
{{Incomplete}}
== Foreskin causes ==
* clubfoot - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875">{{REFjournal
|last=Sayre
|first=Lewis A.
|init=LA
|author-link=Lewis Albert Sayre
|title=Spinal anaemia with partial paralysis and want of coordination, from irritation of the genital organs
|journal=Transactions of the American Medical Association
|date=1875
|volume=26
|issue=
|pages=255-274
}}</ref>
* crossed eyes - 1886: William G. Eggleston<ref name="Eggleston1886">{{REFjournal
|last=Eggleston
|first=William G.
|init=WG
|title=Two cases of reflex paraplegia(one with aphasia) from tape-worm and phimosis
|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association
|date=1886-05-08
|volume=6
|issue=19
|pages=511-515
}}</ref>
* curvature of the spine - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>
* dirt under the foreskin in newborns: 1941: Allan F. Guttmacher<ref name="Guttmacher1941">{{REFjournal
|last=Guttmacher
|first=Allan F.
|init=AF
|title=Should the baby be circumcised?
|journal=Parents Magazine
|date=1941-09
|volume=16
|issue=9
|pages=26,76-78
|url=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
* epilepsy - 1902: Roswell Park<ref name="Park1902">{{REFjournal
|last=Park
|first=Roswell
|init=R
|title=The surgical treatment of epilepsy
|journal=American Medicine
|date=1902-11-22
|volume=4
|issue=21
|pages=807-809
|url=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
* masturbation (females) - 1918 Belle Eskridge<ref name="Eskridge1918">{{REFjournal
|last=Eskridge
|first=Belle C.
|init=BC
|title=Why not circumcise the girl as well as the boy?
|journal=Texas State Journal of Medicine
|date=1918-05
|volume=14
|pages=17-19
}}</ref>
* masturbation (males) - 1891: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1891">{{REFjournal
|last=Hutchinson
|first=Jonathan
|init=J
|author-link=Jonathan Hutchinson
|title=On circumcision as preventive of masturbation
|journal=Archives of Surgery
|date=1891-01
|volume=2
|issue=7
|pages=267-269
}}</ref>, 1901: Ernest G. Mark<ref name="Mark1901">{{REFjournal
|last=Mark
|first=Ernest G.
|init=EG
|title=Circumcision
|journal=American Practitioner and News
|date=1901-02-15
|volume=31
|issue=4
|pages=122-126
|url=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
* masturbation (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{REFjournal
|last=Miller
|init=RL
|last2=Snyder
|init2=DC
|title=Immediate circumcision of the newborn male
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|date=1953-01
|volume=6
|issue=1
|pages=1-11
}}</ref>
* neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson
* paralysis of the bladder - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>
In 1958, C.F. McDonald said "the same reasons that apply for the circumcision of males are generally valid when considered for the female."<ref name="McDonald1958">{{REFjournal
|last=McDonald
|init=CF
|title=Circumcision of the female
|journal=General Practitioner
|date=1958-09
|volume=18
|issue=3
|pages=98-99
}}</ref>
In 1966, Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without foreskin.
({{NOTE}} Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that circumcision has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)<ref name="MastersJohnson1966">{{REFbook
|last=Masters and Johnson
|year=1966
|title=Human Sexual Response
|location=Boston, MA
|publisher=Little Brown & Co
}}</ref>
== Cure through FGM ==
* clitoris easier findable by husband - 1959: W.G. Rathmann<ref name="Rathmann1959">{{REFjournal
|last=Rathmann
|init=WG
|title=Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique
|journal=General Practitioner
|date=1959-09
|volume=20
|issue=9
|pages=115-120
}}</ref>
* HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R.Y. Stallings<ref name="Stallings2005">{{REFconference
|place=Rio de Janeiro
|title=Female circumcision and HIV infection in Tanzania: for better or for worse?
|last=Stallings
|first=R.Y.
|source=Third International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment
|date=2005-07-25
|note=25-27 July 2005
}}</ref>
== Cure through MGM ==
* abdominal neuralgia - 1879: H.H. Kane<ref name="Kane1879">{{REFjournal
|last=Kane
|init=HH
|title=Seminal emissions, abdominal neuralgia: circumcision: cure
|journal=Southern Clinic
|date=1879-10
|volume=2
|issue=1
|pages=8-11
}}</ref>
* bed wetting - 1873: Joseph Bell<ref name="Bell1873">{{REFjournal
|last=Bell
|first=Joseph
|init=J
|title=Nocturnal incontinence of urine cured by circumcision
|journal=Edinburgh Medical Journal
|date=1873-05
|volume=1
|issue=9
|page=1034
}}</ref>
* blindness - 1890: William D. Gentry<ref name="Gentry1890">{{REFjournal
|last=Gentry
|first=William D.
|init=WD
|title=Nervous derangements produced by sexual irregularities in boys
|journal=Medical Current
|date=Jul 1890
|volume=6
|issue=7
|pages=268-274
}}</ref>
* deafness - 1890: William D. Gentry<ref name="Gentry1890"/>
* dumbness - 1890: William D. Gentry<ref name="Gentry1890"/>
* epilepsy - 1865: Nathaniel Heckford<ref name="Heckford1865">{{REFjournal
|last=Heckford
|first=Nathaniel
|init=N
|title=Circumcision as a remedial measure in certain cases of epilepsy and chorea
|journal=Clinical Lectures and Reports by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the London Hospital
|date=1865
|volume=2
|pages=58-64
}}</ref>, 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 epilepsy">{{REFjournal
|last=Sayre
|first=Lewis A.
|init=LA
|author-link=Lewis Albert Sayre
|title=Circumcision versus epilepsy, etc; Transcription of the New York Pathological Society meeting of June 8, 1870
|journal=Medical Record
|date=1870-07-15
|volume=5
|issue=10
|pages=231-234
|url=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>, 1902: Roswell Park<ref name="Park1902"/>, 1930: Norton Henry Bare<ref name="Bare1930">{{REFjournal
|last=Bare
|first=Norton Henry
|init=NH
|title=Surgical treatment of epilepsy with report of case
|journal=The China Medical Journal
|date=1930-11
|volume=4
|issue=11
|pages=1109-1113
}}</ref>
* eye problems believed to be caused by masturbation - 1881: Maximillian Landesburg<ref name="Landesburg1881">{{REFjournal
|last=Landesburg
|first=Maximillian
|init=M
|title=On affections of the eye caused by masturbation
|journal=Medical Bulletin
|date=1881-04
|volume=3
|issue=4
|pages=79-81
}}</ref>
* immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{REFjournal
|last=Miller
|init=RL
|last2=Snyder
|init2=DC
|title=Immediate circumcision of the newborn male
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|date=1953-01
|volume=6
|issue=1
|pages=1-11
}}</ref>
* masturbation (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/>
* neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson<ref name="Dawson1915">{{REFjournal
|last=Dawson
|first=Benjamin E.
|init=BE
|title=Circumcision in the Female: Its Necessity and How to Perform It
|journal=American Journal of Clinical Medicine
|date=1915-06
|volume=22
|issue=66
|pages=520-523
}}</ref>
* nocturnal seminal emissions (i.e. wet dreams) - 1832: Claude-Francois Lallemand<ref name="Lallemand">{{REFbook
|last=Lallemand
|first=Claude-Francois
|year=(1):1836; (2):1839; (3):1842
|title=Des Pertes Seminales Involontaires
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HV4B3UaMUAYC&dq=Des+Pertes+Seminales+Involontaires+1836&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s
|volume=1-3
|pages=(1):463-467; (2):70-162; (3):266-267, 280-289
|accessdate=2011-06-09
}}</ref>, 1879: H.H. Kane<ref name="Kane1879"/>
* rectal incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry<ref name="Rosenberry1894">{{REFjournal
|last=Rosenberry
|init=HL
|title=Incontinence of the urine and faeces, cured by circumcision
|journal=Medical Record
|date=1894-08-11
|volume=4
|issue=6
|page=173
}}</ref>
* sensitiveness of the organ - 1901: Ernest G. Mark<ref name="Mark1901"/>
* urinary incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry<ref name="Rosenberry1894"/>
== Prevention ==
* AIDS - 1986: Aaron J. Fink<ref name="Fink1986">{{REFjournal
|last=Fink
|first=Aaron J.
|init=AJ
|author-link=Aaron J. Fink
|title=A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS
|journal=New England Journal of Medicine
|date=1986-10-30
|volume=31
|issue=18
|page=1167
}}</ref>, 2003: Edgar J. Schoen<ref name="Schoen2003">{{REFjournal
|last=Schoen
|first=Edgar J.
|init=EJ
|author-link=Edgar J. Schoen
|title=It's wise to circumcise: time to change policy
|journal=Pediatrics
|date=2003-06
|volume=111
|issue=6 Pt 1
|pages=1490-1491
}}</ref>
* cancer of the bladder - 1971: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1971">{{REFjournal
|last=Ravich
|first=Abraham
|init=A
|author-link=Abraham Ravich
|title=Viral carcinogenesis in venereally susceptible organs
|journal=Cancer
|date=1971-06
|volume=27
|issue=6
|pages=1493-1496
}}</ref>
* cancer of the rectum - 1971: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1971"/>
* cancer of the tongue - 1949: Eugene H. Hand<ref name="Hand1949">{{REFjournal
|last=Hand
|first=Eugene H.
|init=EH
|#author-link=Eugene H. Hand
|title=Circumcision and venereal disease
|journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology
|date=1949-09
|volume=60
|issue=3
|pages=341-346
}}</ref>
* cervical cancer in women - 1951: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1951">{{REFjournal
|last=Ravich
|first=Abraham
|init=A
|author-link=Abraham Ravich
|title=Prophylaxis of cancer of the prostate, penis, and cervix by circumcision
|journal=New York State Journal of Medicine
|date=1951-06
|volume=51
|issue=12
|pages=1519-1520
}}</ref>, 1954: Ernest L. Wynder<ref name="Wynder1954">{{REFjournal
|last=Wynder
|first=Ernest L.
|init=EL
|author-link=Ernest L. Wynder
|title=A study of environmental factors of carcinoma of the cervix
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|date=1954-10
|volume=68
|issue=4
|pages=10166-52 (??)
}}</ref>
* HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R.Y. Stallings<ref name="Stallings2005"/>
* HIV 'vaccine' - 2007: Robert C. Bailey<ref name="Bailey2007">{{REFjournal
|last=Bailey
|first=Robert C.
|init=RC
|author-link=Robert C. Bailey
|title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention for young men in Kisumu, Kenya
|journal=Lancet
|date=2007
|volume=369
|issue=9562
|pages=643-656
}}</ref>
* inchastity - 1935: R.W. Cockshut<ref name="Cockshut1935">{{REFjournal
|last=Cockshut
|init=RW
|author-link=R. W. Cockshut
|title=Circumcision
|journal=British Medical Journal
|date=1935-10-19
|volume=2
|issue=3902
|page=764
}}</ref>
* [[masturbation]] (females) - 1918: Belle Eskridge<ref name="Eskridge1918"/>
* [[masturbation]] (males) - 1845: Edward H. Dixon<ref name="Dixon">{{REFbook
|last=Dixon
|first=Edward H.
|year=1845
|title=A Treatise on Diseases of the Sexual Organs
|pages=158-165
|location=New York
|publisher=Stringer & Co
|accessdate=2011-06-09
}}</ref>, 1871: M.J. Moses (for Jews)<ref name="Moses1871">{{REFjournal
|last=Moses
|init=MJ
|title=The value of circumcision as a hygienic and therapeutic measure
|journal=New York Medical Journal
|date=1871-11
|volume=14
|issue=4
|pages=368-374
}}</ref>, 1888: John Harvey Kellogg (as punishment)<ref name="Kellogg1888">{{REFbook
|last=Kellogg
|first=John Harvey
|year=1888
|title=Plain Facts for Old and Young.
|url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/KelPlai.html
|editor=Project Gutenberg
|edition=1881 edition
|chapter=Treatment for Self-Abuse and Its Effects
|location=Burlington, Iowa
|publisher=F. Segner & Co
|accessdate=2011-03-21
}}</ref>, 1969: Morris Fishbein<ref name="Fishbein1969">{{REFbook
|last=Fishbein
|first=Morris
|year=1969
|title=Modern Home Medical Adviser
|editor=Garden City
|chapter=Sex hygiene
|pages=90+119
|location=New York
|publisher=Doubleday & Co
}}</ref>
* neonatal group B streptococcal disease - 1988: Aaron J. Fink<ref name="Fink1988">{{REFjournal
|last=Fink
|first=Aaron J.
|init=AJ
|author-link=Aaron J. Fink
|title=Is hygiene enough? Circumcision as a possible strategy to prevent group B streptococcal disease
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|date=1988-08
|volume=159
|issue=2
|pages=534-535
}}</ref>
* nervousness - 1969: Morris Fishbein<ref name="Fishbein1969"/>
* penile cancer - 1926: Abraham L. Wolbarst<ref name="Wolbarst1926">{{REFjournal
|last=Wolbarst
|first=Abraham L.
|init=AL
|title=Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer?
|journal=Cancer
|date=1926-07
|volume=3
|issue=4
|pages=301-310
}}</ref>
* pleasure of sex - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900">{{REFjournal
|last=Hutchinson
|first=Jonathan
|init=J
|author-link=Jonathan Hutchinson
|title=The advantages of circumcision
|journal=The Polyclinic
|date=1900-09
|volume=3
|issue=9
|pages=129-131
}}</ref>
* prostate cancer - 1942: Abraham Ravich<ref name="Ravich1942">{{REFjournal
|last=Ravich
|first=Abraham
|init=A
|author-link=Abraham Ravich
|title=The relationship of circumcision to cancer of the prostate
|journal=Journal of Urology
|date=1942-09
|volume=48
|issue=3
|pages=298-299
}}</ref>
* raping whites - 1894: P.C. Remondino (for Blacks)<ref name="Remondino1894">{{REFjournal
|last=Remondino
|init=PC
|title=Negro rapes and their social problems
|journal=National Popular Review
|date=1894-01
|volume=4
|issue=1
|pages=3-6
}}</ref>
* sand from getting into the soldiers' foreskins - 1991: Aaron J. Fink<ref name="Fink1991">{{REFjournal
|last=Fink
|first=Aaron J.
|init=AJ
|author-link=Aaron J. Fink
|title=Circumcision and sand
|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
|date=1991-11
|volume=84
|issue=11
|page=696
}}</ref>
* sensitivity - 1935: R.W. Cockshut, 1941: Allan F. Guttmacher<ref name="Guttmacher1941"/>
* sexual immorality - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900"/>
* spinal paralysis - 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 spinal paralysis">{{REFjournal
|last=Sayre
|first=Lewis A.
|init=LA
|author-link=Lewis Albert Sayre
|title=Partial paralysis from reflex irritation, caused by congenital phimosis and adherent prepuce
|journal=Transactions of the American Medical Association
|date=1870
|volume=21
|pages=205-11
}}</ref>
* syphilis - 1855: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="hutchinson1855">{{REFjournal
|last=Hutchinson
|first=Johnathon
|init=J
|title=On the Influence of Circumcision in Preventing Syphilis
|journal=Medical Times and Gazette
|date=1855
|volume=32
|issue=844
|pages=542-543
|accessdate=2021-09-04
}}</ref>
* UTI (urinary tract infections) - 1985: Thomas E. Wiswell<ref name="Wiswell1985">{{REFjournal
|last=Wiswell
|first=Thomas E.
|init=TE
|author-link=Thomas E. Wiswell
|title=Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants
|journal=Pediatrics
|date=1985-05
|volume=75
|issue=5
|pages=901-3
}}</ref>
* tuberculosis - 1914: Abraham L. Wolbarst<ref name="Wolbarst1914">{{REFjournal
|last=Wolbarst
|first=Abraham L.
|init=AL
|title=Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure
|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association
|date=1914-01-10
|volume=62
|issue=2
|pages=92-97
}}</ref>
* venereal disease - 1949: Eugene H. Hand<ref name="Hand1949"/>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[History of circumcision]]
{{REF}}
[[Category: