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wikify Infibulation
During the late XIX century, in English speaking countries, the theory of irritation and reflex neurosis led to the development of many forms of genital mutilation.<ref>{{GollaherDL 1994}}</ref>
Circumcision of the male, [[infibulation ]] of the male foreskin, castration, clitoridectomy, circumcision proper of the female (removal or reduction of the clitoral hood), removal of the nymphae (labia minora), application of irritants to the genitals, enemas, hysterectomies. The purpose was to reduce excessive sexual desire and its manifestations, such as [[masturbation]], which were suspected to be the cause of many diseases.
Before the 19th century, circumcision existed only as a ritual for some cultures and religions. However, the belief that Jews were immune to [[masturbation]] because of their circumcision, led to the inclusion of circumcision among the plethora of genital surgeries.