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using Template:GollaherDL 1994
==Origins==
During the late XIX century -, in English speaking countries, the theory of irritation and reflex neurosis led to the development of many forms of genital mutilation.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Gollaher |first=David L. |init=DL |author-link=David Gollaher |date=GollaherDL 1994 |title=From ritual to science: the medical transformation of circumcision in America. |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=5-23 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/gollaher/ |accessdate=2018-11-01}}</ref>
Circumcision of the male, infibulation of the male foreskin, castration, clitoridectomy, circumcision proper of the female (removal or reduction of the clitoral hood), removal of the nymphae (labia minora), application of irritants to the genitals, enemas, hysterectomies. The purpose was to reduce excessive sexual desire and its manifestations, such as [[masturbation]], which were suspected to be the cause of many diseases.