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Bias
,→Cultural bias
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== Cultural bias ==
A scientist or researcher of [[circumcision]] may have a cultural bias in favor of [[circumcision]] if (s)he comes from a country, society, cultural background, or ethnic group where [[circumcision]] is common. A cultural bias is a conflict of interest because reporting accurate findings in studies regarding circumcision is at odds with what one has been conditioned to believe about the practice. A person may be [[circumcised ]] himself, married to a circumcised spouse, and/or a parent to circumcised children.
Circumcision has been near-universal in the [[United States]], [[Israel]], the [[Tuli|Philippines]], and most Muslim nations. Circumcision is also considered a rite of passage in some African tribes. In these societies, a man who has not been circumcised is often considered to be inferior, and in some cases, a social outcast, so there is a strong incentive to circumcise one's self and/or one's children.
LeBourdais (1995) reported "the likelihood of a baby being [[circumcised]] is influenced by an expanding array of usually non-medical factors: [[Adamant father syndrome| circumcision status of the father]], attitude of the mother, age of the attending physician, sex gender and circumcision status of the physician, geographic location and religion factors that have little to do with the baby himself."<ref name="lebourdais1995">{{REFjournal
|last=LeBourdais
|first=Eleanor
American researchers who have written studies critical of male circumcision usually have had to publish in the foreign medical literature. The journal ''Pediatrics'', published by the [[AAP| American Academy of Pediatrics]], is noted for its publication of articles with a favorable view of non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[
== Religious bias ==