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'''Foreskin restoration''' refers to the process of expanding the residual [[skin ]] on the [[circumcised ]] [[penis]] by non-surgical means in order to recreate the [[foreskin]] which was removed in [[circumcision]]. <ref name="wisdom">{{REFjournal |last=Wisdom |first=Travis |init=T |author-link=Travis Wisdom |etal=no |title=Constructing phallic beauty: Foreskin restoration, genital cutting and circumcisionism |journal=Brill |location= |date=2014 |volume= |issue= |pages=93-134 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7648223/Constructing_Phallic_Beauty_Foreskin_Restoration_Genital_Cutting_and_Circumcisionism?email_work_card=view-paper |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1163/9781848881259_007 |accessdate=2020-08-16}}</ref> It can also refer to the process of [[Tissue expansion| expanding existing skin in a ]] on an [[intact]] [[penis ]] whose foreskin is abnormally short or non-existent (see [[aposthia]]).<ref name="collier2011">{{REFjournal |last=Collier |first=Roger |init=R |author-link= |title=Whole again: the practice of foreskin restoration |journal=CMAJ |date=2011 |volume=183 |issue=18 |pages=2092-3 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3255154/ |quote= |pubmedID=3255154 |pubmedCID=22083672 |DOI=10.1503/cmaj.109-4009 |accessdate=2023-10-10}}</ref>

Foreskin restoration can be achieved via surgical and/or non-surgical means. Men take up foreskin restoration to restore [[sensitivityDekeratinization| sensation]] to the [[glans penis]] and to restore the [[gliding action]] of the natural [[penis]]. Another reason for restoring is a desire to create the natural appearance of an [[intact ]] penis with the [[foreskin]] covering the [[glans penis]]. [[Jim Bigelow]] (1995) listed aesthetics, sensitivity of the glans, sexual stimulation and sexual function of a restored foreskin, and sense of wholeness as reasons that men give for desiring foreskin restoration.<ref>{{REFbook |last=Bigelow |first=Jim |author-link=Jim Bigelow |year=1994 |title=The Joy of Uncircumcising!: Exploring Circumcision: History, Myths, Psychology, Restoration, Sexual Pleasure, and Human Rights |url=https://www.amazon.com/Joy-Uncircumcising-Circumcision-Psychology-Restoration/dp/093406122X |editor= |edition=2 |volume= |chapter=Why Men Today Want to Uncircumcise |pages=113-4 |location= |publisher=Hourglass Book Pub |isbn=978-0934061223}}</ref> Foreskin restoration techniques are most commonly undertaken by men who resent having been [[circumcision|circumcised]] as children, or who have sustained an injury. <ref name="ozer2020">{{REFjournal |last=Özer |first= |init=M |author-link= |last2=Timmermans |first2=Floyd W. |init2=FW |author2-link= |etal=no |title=An insight into circumcised men seeking foreskin reconstruction: a prospective cohort study |trans-title= |language= |journal=Int J Impot Res |location= |date=2020-11 |season= |volume=32 |issue=6 |article= |page= |pages=611-6 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-019-0223-y |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=31896833 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1038/s41443-019-0223-y |accessdate=2022-10-14}}</ref> They are also used by [[intact]] men who simply desire a longer [[foreskin]] and by [[regret men]].

=== Ancient history ===Foreskin [[stretching ]] (called "uncircumcision," or ''[[epispasm]]'') appears to have been a common practice among Hellenized Jewish men in Hellenistic and Roman societies,<ref name="Rubin">{{REFjournal | last=Rubin | first=Jody P. | coauthorsinit=JP | title=Celsus's Decircumcision Operation | journal=Urology | volume=16 | issue=1 | pages=121-4124 | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/rubin/ | quote= | pubmedID=6994325 | pubmedCID= | DOI=10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4 | date=1980-07 | accessdate=}}</ref> from at least as early as the 2nd century {{#tip-text:BCE|Before Common Era, an alternative to BC}}.<ref>{{REFbook

|first=LeonardB. |init=LB |author-link=Leonard B. Glick

|title= Marked in Your Flesh

|pagespage=31 |location=New York, New YorkNY |publisher={{UNI|Oxford University |Oxon}} Press

|quote=Foreskin [[stretching ]] (called "uncircumcision," or epispasm) appears to have been a common practice among Hellenized Jewish men...

Key features of Hellenistic culture were athletic exercises in gymnasia and athletic performances in public arenas, where men appeared in the nude. While the [[penis ]] sheathed in an [[intact ]] foreskin was normal and acceptable, ancient Greeks and their Hellenistic successors considered the [[circumcised ]] penis to be offensive, as it was perceived as a vulgar imitation of [[erection]], unfit for public display. The ancient Greeks and their Hellenistic successors considered the "ideal prepuce" to be long, tapered, and "well-proportioned." Removing it was considered [[mutilation]]. Men with a short foreskins[[foreskin]], a condition known as ''lypodermos'', would wear a leather cord called a ''kynodesme '' to prevent its accidental exposure.<ref>{{REFjournal | last=Hodges | first=Frederick M. | coauthorsinit=FM |author-link=Frederick M. Hodges | title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme | journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine | date=2001-09 |note=Fall 2001 | volume=75 | issue=3 | pages=375-405 | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ | quote= | pubmedID=11568485 | pubmedCID= | DOI= | accessdate=2019-09-30

The sight of [[circumcised ]] genitals at public baths or gymnasia would inspire laughter and ridicule. Jewish men who wished to gain acceptance in the larger social world gave themselves a presentable appearance by pulling the remaining [[foreskin ]] forward as far as possible, and keeping it under enough tension to encourage permanent [[stretching ]] toward its original length. Using a fibular pin or a cord, they pierced the front of the remaining foreskin, drew it forward, and fixed it in place; sometimes they would attach a weight to maintain tension. Over time the foreskin stretched and restored at least some of the appearance of an [[intact ]] organ.<ref>{{REFbook

|first=LeonardB. |init=LB |author-link=Leonard B. Glick

|pagespage=31 |location=New York, New YorkNY |publisher={{UNI|Oxford University |Oxon}} Press

}}</ref> Up until the 2th century, [[Jewish circumcision]] involved only partial foreskin removal. Rabbis of the 2th century mandated ''[[Periah| peri’ah]]'', or the complete ablation of the [[foreskin ]] in order to prevent Jewish men from engaging in foreskin restoration.<ref>{{REFbook

|first=LeonardB. |init=LB |author-link=Leonard B. Glick

|pagespage=31 |location=New York, New YorkNY |publisher={{UNI|Oxford University |Oxon}} Press

| last=Tushmet | first=Leonard | coauthorsinit=L | title=Uncircumcision | journal=Medical Times | volume=93 | issue=6 | pages=588-93593 | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/tushmet1/ | quote= | pubmedID= | pubmedCID= | DOI= | date=1965 | accessdate=

| last=Bigelow | first=Jim | coauthorsinit=J |author-link=Jim Bigelow | title=Uncircumcising: undoing the effects of an ancient practice in a modern world | journal=Mothering | volume=Summer | issue= | pages=121–4121-124 | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/bigelow1/ | quote= | pubmedID= | pubmedCID= | DOI= | date=1994 | accessdate=

The National Organization of Restoring Men ([[NORM]]) was founded in 1989 in San Francisco, as a non-profit support group for men restoring the appearance of a [[foreskin]]. It was originally known as RECAP, an acronym for the phrase Recover A Penis. In 1994 UNCIRC was incorporated into this group.<ref name="NORM history">{{REFweb | quote= | url=http://www.norm.org/history.html | title=NORM - History | last=Griffiths | first=R. Wayne | publisherauthor-link=R. Wayne Griffiths | workpublisher= | date=2006 | accessdate=2019-09-30}}</ref> Since its founding, several NORM chapters have been founded throughout the [[United States]], as well as internationally in [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand, and Germany. == Surgical techniques == Surgical methods of foreskin restoration, sometimes known as foreskin reconstruction, usually involve a method of grafting skin onto the distal portion of the penile shaft. The grafted skin is typically taken from the scrotum, which contains the same smooth muscle (known as [[dartos|dartos fascia]]) as does the skin of the penis. One method involves a four stage procedure in which the shaft is buried in the scrotum for a period of time.<ref name="Greer">{{REFjournal | last=Greer | first=Donald M. | coauthors=Mohl, Paul C.; Sheley, Kathy A. | title=A technique for foreskin reconstruction and some preliminary results | journal=The Journal of Sex Research | volume=18 | issue=4 | pages=324-30 | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/greer1/ | quote= | pubmedID= | pubmedCID= | DOI=10.1080/00224498209551158 | date=1982 | accessdate=}}</ref> Such techniques are costly, and have the potential to produce unsatisfactory results or serious complications related to the skin graft. British Columbia resident Paul Tinari was held down and circumcised at eight years old, in what he stated was "a routine form of punishment" for masturbation at residential schools. Following a lawsuit, Tinari's surgical foreskin restoration was covered by the British Columbia Ministry of HealthGermany. The plastic surgeon who performed the restoration was the first in Canada to have done such an operation, and used a technique similar to that described above.<ref name="Tyee article">{{REFjournal | last=Euringer | first=Amanda | coauthors= | title=BC Health Pays to Restore Man's Foreskin | journal=The Tyee | volume= | issue= | pages= | url=http://thetyee.ca/News/2006/07/25/Circumcision/ | quote= | pubmedID= | pubmedCID= | DOI= | date=2006-07-25 | accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="NRM article">{{REFjournal | last=Laliberté | first=Jennifer | coauthors= | title=BC man's foreskin op a success | journal=National Review of Medicine | volume=3 | issue=12 | pages= | url=http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2006/06_30/3_patients_practice01_12.html | quote= | pubmedID= | pubmedCID= | DOI= | date=2006-06-30 | accessdate=}}</ref> See [[Surgical foreskin restoration]]

Nonsurgical foreskin restoration is the most commonly used method of foreskin restoration. It is accomplished through [[tissue expansion ]] and involves pulling on the remnants of the [[foreskin]]. Both the skin of the penile shaft and the mucosal [[mucosa]]l inner lining of the [[foreskin]], if any remains after [[circumcision]], may be expanded. The skin is pulled forward over the [[glans]], and tension is applied manually, by using weights or elastic straps. In the latter two cases a device must be attached to the skin; surgical tape is often used.

[[Image:Tlctugger applied.jpg|thumbnail|left|150px| TLCTugger device applied to a [[circumcised ]] penis for non-surgical foreskin restoration.]]

An example of a device using elastic straps is the T-Tape method, which was developed in the 1990s with the idea of enabling restoration to take place more rapidly. Many specialized [http://intactwiki.org/wiki/Category:Foreskin_restoration_devices restoration devices] (like the [[TLC-X|TLC Tugger]] shown in the picture) that grip the [[skin ]] with or without tape are also commercially available. Tension from these devices may be applied by weights or elastic straps, by pushing the skin forward on the [[penis]], or by a combination of these methods.

| quote= | url=http://www.norm.org/regimen.html | title=NORM - Recommended Restoration Regimen | last=Griffiths | first=R. Wayne | publisherauthor-link=R. Wayne Griffiths | workpublisher= | date= | accessdate=2006-08-27

| quote= | url=http://foreskinrestorationchat.info/manualtugging.html | title=Foreskin Restoration Chat Manual Restoration Method and Guide | last= | first= | publisher= | work= | date= | accessdate=2006-08-27

| quote= | url=http://pages.suddenlink.net/manual_methods/ | title=Manual Methods of Foreskin Restoration | last= | first= | publisher= | work= | date= | accessdate=2007-07-19

Applying tension to tissue has long been known to stimulate [[mitosis]], and research shows that regenerated expanded human tissues have the attributes of the original tissue.<ref name="Cordes">{{REFjournal | last=Cordes | first=Stephanie | coauthorsinit=S |last2=Calhoun, |first2=Karen H.; |init2=KH |last3=Quinn, |first3=Francis B. |init3=FB | title=Tissue Expanders | journal={{UNI|University of Texas Medical Branch |UTMB}} Department of Otolaryngology Grand Rounds | volume= | issue= | pages= | url=http://www.utmb.edu/otoref/Grnds/tissue-expand.html | quote= | pubmedID= | pubmedCID= | DOI= | date=1997-10-15 | accessdate=}}</ref> Unlike conventional skin expansion techniques, however, the process of nonsurgical foreskin restoration may take several years to complete. The time required depends on the amount of [[skin ]] available to expand, the amount of skin desired in the end, and the regimen of [[stretching ]] methods used. Patience and dedication are needed; support groups exist to help with these (see External links section). The act of [[stretching ]] the skin is often described informally as "tugging" in these groups, especially those on the internetInternet. [[Intact]] men who would like to have a longer [[foreskin]] may use these same techniques of [[tissue expansion]] to lengthen a short [[foreskin]]. Benefits include improved protection of the [[glans penis]], improved [[gliding action]], and improved physical appearance.

See [[Basics of It is impossible to predict how long it will take one to restore because there are many variables. The time is measured in years, but the time to enjoy one’s restored foreskin restoration]]is measured in decades.

===Results of surgical foreskin restoration are much faster, but are often described as unsatisfactory, and most restoration groups advise against them.===

Results of non-surgical methods vary widely, and depend on such factors as the amount of skin present at the start of the restoration, degree of commitment, technique, and the individual's body. Foreskin restoration by [[tissue expansion]] successfully restores sensitivity to [[glans penis]] and restores the [[gliding action]]. Certain parts of the natural foreskin cannot be reformed. In particular, the [[ridged band]], a nerve-bearing tissue structure extending around the [[penis ]] just inside the tip of the foreskin,<ref name="Taylor interview">{{REFweb | quote= | url=http://www.intact.ca/taylor.html | title=Interview with John Taylor | last=Taylor | first=John R. | publisherinit=JR |author-link=John R. Taylor | workpublisher= | date=1997-02-04 | accessdate=2007-08-26

|pagespage=13

}}</ref> which helps to contract the tip of the foreskin so that it remains positioned over the glans, cannot be recreated. Restored foreskins can appear much looser at the tip and some men report difficulty in keeping the [[glans ]] covered. Surgical "touch-up" procedures exist to reduce the orifice of the restored foreskin, recreating the tightening function of the band of muscle fibers near the tip of the foreskin, though they have not proven successful in every case.<ref name=Joy-touchup>{{REFbook

|pages=188–192188-192

As the [[shaft skin]] expands and gets longer the [[circumcision scar]] will travel down toward the tip and eventually turn under and be concealed inside the restored foreskin. When the [[glans penis]] is habitually covered by the regrown foreskin, the increase in protection, plus moisture and oil from [[transudation]] provided by the new [[foreskin]] will result in [[Keratinization#De-keratinization_treatment| de-keratinization]] of the [[glans penis]] and increase in sensation. == Regeneration Surgical techniques == Surgical techniques of the foreskin ==restoration are historical. They are seldom, if ever, used today because they have not given good results.

Recently there has been growing interest in regenerative medicine Surgical methods of foreskin restoration, sometimes known as foreskin reconstruction, usually involve a means to regenerate method of grafting skin onto the distal portion of the human male foreskinpenile shaft. This optionThe grafted skin is typically taken from the scrotum, unlike which contains the same smooth muscle (known as [[dartos|dartos fascia]]) as does the skin of the penis. One method involves a four stage procedure in which the shaft is buried in the scrotum for a period of time.<ref name="Greer">{{REFjournal |last=Greer |first=Donald M. |init=DM |last2=Mohl |first2=Paul C. |init2=PC |last3=Sheley |first3=Kathy A. |init3=KA |title=A technique for foreskin reconstruction and some preliminary results |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=324-330 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/greer1/ |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1080/00224498209551158 |date=1982 |accessdate=}}</ref> Such techniques are costly, would result in a true human male foreskin being regrownand have the potential to produce unsatisfactory results or serious complications related to the skin graft.

In early 2010, British Columbia resident [[Paul Tinari]] was held down and [[Foregencircumcised]]at eight years old, in what he stated was "a nonroutine form of punishment" for [[masturbation]] at [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis-experiences-at-residential-profit organization dedicated to funding school residential schools]. Following a clinical trial for lawsuit, Tinari's surgical foreskin restoration was covered by the purposes British Columbia Ministry of regrowing Health. The plastic surgeon who performed the human male foreskinrestoration was the first in [[Canada]] to have done such an operation, had been foundedand used a technique similar to that described above. <ref name="Tyee article">{{REFjournal |last=Euringer |first=Amanda |init=A clinical trial had been scheduled for late 2010, but there were insufficient donations |title=BC Health Pays to follow throughRestore Man's Foreskin |journal=The Tyee |volume= |issue= |pages= |url=http://thetyee.ca/News/2006/07/25/Circumcision/ |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |date=2006-07-25 |accessdate=}}</ref><refname="NRM article">{{REFjournal | last=Laliberté | first=Jennifer | coauthorsinit=J | title=ForegenBC man's foreskin op a success | journal=National Review of Medicine | volume=3 | issue=12 | pages= | url=http://www.foregennationalreviewofmedicine.orgcom/blogissue/?p=842006/06_30/3_patients_practice01_12.html | quote= | pubmedID= | pubmedCID= | DOI= | date=20102006-0906-2130 | accessdate=2010-11-28

The proposed method would involve placing the patient under general anaesthesia. The penile skin would be opened at the circumcision scar, while the scar tissue is surgically debrided. A biomedical solution would then be applied to both ends of the wound, causing the foreskin to regenerate with the DNA in the patient's own cells. A biodegradable scaffold would be used to offer support for the regenerating See also: [[Surgical foreskin.<ref>{{REFjournal | last= | first= | coauthors= | title=Clinical Regen Trial | journal= | volume=restoration]] | issue= | pages= | url=http://www.foregen.org/projects/ | quote= | pubmedIDResults = | pubmedCID= | DOI= | date=June 23, 2010 | accessdate=2010-06-23}}</ref>

Foreskin regeneration is only theoretical as Results of 2019. No surgical foreskin has ever been regenerated. There is no assurance that foreskin regeneration will actually be successfulrestoration are much faster, but are often described as unsatisfactory, and most restoration groups advise against them.

The natural foreskin has three principal components, in addition to blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue: [[skin]], which is exposed exteriorely; [[mucous membranemucosa]], which is the inside surface in contact with the [[glans penis]] when the [[penis]] is flaccid; and a band layer of [[Dartos| muscle]] within the tip of fibers under the foreskin. The [[ridged band]] is just inside the tip of the [[foreskin]].

Generally, the skin grows more readily in response to [[stretching ]] than does the mucous membrane. The ring of muscle which normally holds the foreskin closed is completely removed in the majority of circumcisions and cannot be regrown, so the covering resulting from [[stretching ]] techniques is usually looser than that of a natural foreskin. According to some observers it is difficult to distinguish a restored foreskin from a natural foreskin because restoration produces a "nearly normal-appearing prepuce."<ref name="Goodwin">{{REFjournal | last=Goodwin | first=Willard E. | coauthorsinit=WE | title=Uncircumcision: A Technique For Plastic Reconstruction of a Prepuce After Circumcision | journal=J Urol | volume=144 | issue=5 | pages=1203-51205 | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/goodwin1/ | quote= | pubmedID=2231896 | pubmedCID= | DOI= | date=1990 | accessdate=

Nonsurgical foreskin restoration does not restore portions of the [[Frenulum of prepuce of penis|frenulum]] or the [[ridged band]] removed excised during [[circumcision]]. Although not commonly performed, there are surgical [http://intactwiki.org/wiki/Category:Foreskin_restoration_touch-up_surgeries "touch-up" techniques] that can re-create some of the functionality of the frenulum and dartos muscle.<ref>{{REFbook

|author-linkinit=J |last2= |first2= |author2author-link=Jim Bigelow

The process of foreskin restoration seeks to regenerate some of the tissue removed by circumcision by [[Tissue expansion| expansion of residual tissue]], as well as providing coverage of the glans. According to research, the [[foreskin ]] comprises over one-half of the skin and [[mucosa ]] of the human penis.<ref>{{REFjournal | last=Taylor | first=JR | coauthors=AP Lockwood, AJ Taylor | title=The prepuce: Specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision | journal=Brit J Urol | date=1996-02-01 | volume=77 | issue= | pages=291-5 | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/taylor/ | quote= | pubmedID= 8800902 | pubmedCID= | DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996.85023.x | accessdate=}}</ref>

By growing more [[penile skin]], foreskin restorers recover the skin mobility that was eliminated by their circumcision. The ability to [[gliding action|glide the skin of the penis over the glans]] constitutes a mechanical component of the stimulation mechanism of the penis.

In some men, foreskin restoration may alleviate certain problems they attribute to their circumcisions[[circumcision]]. Such problems, as reported to an anti-circumcision group by men circumcised in infancy or childhood, include prominent [[Circumcision scar|scarring]] (33%), insufficient [[penile skin ]] for comfortable [[erection ]] (27%), erectile curvature from uneven skin loss (16%), and pain and [[bleeding ]] upon [[erection]]/manipulation (17%). The poll also asked about awareness of or involvement in foreskin restoration, and included an open comment section. Many respondents and their wives "reported that restoration resolved the unnatural dryness of the circumcised penis, which caused abrasion, pain or [[bleeding ]] during intercourse, and that restoration offered unique pleasures, which enhanced sexual intimacy."<ref name="Hammond">{{REFjournal | last=Hammond | firstinit=T. | coauthorsauthor-link=Tim Hammond | title=A Preliminary Poll of Men Circumcised in Infancy or Childhood | journal=BJU Int | volume=83 | issue=Suppl. 1 | pages=85-92 | url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119091408/PDFSTART | quote= | pubmedID=10349419 | pubmedCID= | DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1085.x | date=1999 | accessdate=

Some men who have undertaken foreskin restoration report a visibly smoother [[glans]], which some of these men attribute to decreased levels of [[keratinization]] following restoration.

<!--Several studies have suggested that the glans is equally sensitive in circumcised and uncircumcised intact males,<ref name="masters">{{REFbook

|pages=189–91189-191

| last=Bleustein | first=Clifford B. | coauthorsinit=CB |last2=Fogarty |first2=James D. Fogarty, |init2=JD |last3=Eckholdt |first3=Haftan Eckholdt, |init3=H |last4=Arezzo |first4=Joseph C. Arezzo and |init4=JC |last5=Melman |first5=Arnold Melman |init5=A | title=Effect of neonatal circumcision on penile neurologic sensation | journal=Urology | volume=65 | issue=4 | pages=773-7777 | url= | quote= | pubmedID=15833526 | pubmedCID= | DOI=10.1016/j.urology.2004.11.007 | date=April 2005-04 | accessdate=}}</ref><ref name = "bleustein2003">{{REFconference | place=Chicago, Illinois | title=[[American Urological Association ]] 98th Annual Meeting | url= | last=Bleustein | first=Clifford B. | coauthors=Haftan Eckholdt, Joseph C. Arezzo and Arnold Melman | source=Effects of Circumcision on Male Penile Sensitivity | datedatefrom=April 2003-04-26 |dateto=2003-05-May 1, 200301 | accessdate=2019-09-29

| last=Payne | first=Kimberley | coauthorsinit=K |last2=Thaler, |first2=Lea; |init2=L |last3=Kukkonen, |first3=Tuuli; |init3=T |last4=Carrier, |first4=Serge; and [[Irving M. |init4=S |last5=Binik |Binik, first5=Yitzchak]] |init5=Y |author5-link= | title=Sensation and Sexual Arousal in Circumcised and Uncircumcised Men | journal=J Sex Med | volume=4 | issue=3 | pages=667-674 | url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00471.x | quote= | pubmedID= | pubmedCID= | DOI=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00471.x | date=2007-05 | accessdate=2019-09-30

The work of Masters & Johnson (1966) has been shown to have severe methodological flaws that render their conclusions innaccurate inaccurate and essentially useless. The work of Bleustein (2003) and Payne (2007) is similarly flawed by methodological faults.

Others have Although Kirby (1994) suggested that the perceived sensitivity gains of the glans reported that it is more sensation in intact malesby some men are psychological, with glans sensitivity itself being unaffected.<ref name="sorrels">{{REFjournal | last=SorrellsKirby | firstinit=RS | coauthorstitle=The Joy of Uncircumcising! Restore your birthright and maximize sexual pleasure | titlejournal=Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penisBMJ | journaldate=BJU Int1994-09-10 | volume=99309 | issue=4 | pagespage=864-869679 | url=http://www3bmj.interscience.wileybmjjournals.com/cgi-bin/fulltextcontent/full/309/6955/118508429679/PDFSTARTa | quote= | pubmedID=1737884 | pubmedCID= | DOI=10.1136/bmj.309.6955.679a | dateaccessdate=April 2019-9-29}}</ref>--> Sorrells (2007 | accessdate) et al. and Yang et al. (2008) have reported empirical data that proves there is more sensation in [[intact]] males.<ref name="sorrels">{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref><ref name="yang">{{REFjournal | last=Yang | firstinit=DM | coauthorslast2=Lin |init2=H, |last3=Zhang |init3=B, |last4=Guo |init4=W | title=Circumcision affects glans penis vibration perception threshold | journal=Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue | volume=14 | issue=4 | pages=328-330 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5370953_Circumcision_affects_glans_penis_vibration_perception_threshold | quote= | pubmedID=18481425 | pubmedCID= | DOI= | date=2008-09-14 | accessdate=2019-09-30}}</ref> It has been suggested that the perceived sensitivity gains of the glans reported by some men are psychological, with glans sensitivity itself being unaffected.<ref>{{REFjournal | last=Kirby | first=RS | coauthors= | title=The Joy of Uncircumcising! Restore your birthright and maximize sexual pleasure | journal=BMJ | date=1994-09-10 | volume=309 | issue= | pages=679 | url=http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/309/6955/679/a | quote= | pubmedID= | pubmedCID= | DOI=10.1136/bmj.309.6955.679a | accessdate=2019-9-29

1. # ''An end to tight and painful erections[[erection]]s''. Increasing the quantity of skin results in looser longer skin and less tension when the [[penis ]] is erect.# ''Gliding mechanism'': the [[gliding action]] is beneficial because it facilitates [[masturbation]] and sex by reducing friction and providing a stimulating sheath that pleasurably slips back and forth over the [[glans]], thereby decreasing the need for artificial lubrication. This provides for more enjoyable intercourse for both partners and avoids problems with vaginal dryness.<ref name="warren1994">{{REFjournal |last=Warren |first=John |init=J |author-link=John Warren |last2=Bigelow |first2=Jim |init2=J |author2-link=Jim Bigelow |etal=no |title=The case against circumcision |trans-title= |language=English |journal=Br J Sex Med |location= |date=1994-09 |volume= |issue= |pages=6-8 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/warren2/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2021-05-13}}</ref> The motion of the [[penile skin]] by the [[gliding action]] stimulates the [[Meissner's corpuscles| nerves in the skin]] which are sensitive to motion and [[stretching]].# ''Moist glans penis'': A restored foreskin keeps the [[glans penis]] moist and oily by [[transudation]] in the same manner as a natural [[foreskin]].# ''Appearing and Feeling whole'': The [[circumcision scar]] has turned under the restored foreskin and is invisible. The presence of the restored foreskin causes one to look and feel [[intact]], whole, complete, and normal.# ''Coverage of the glans'': this is beneficial because (a) it protects the [[glans]] from uncomfortably rubbing up against things, and (b) by keeping the glans moist and protected, it leads to [[dekeratinization]], which subsequently increases sensation.# ''More sensation'': It is true that non-surgical foreskin restoration cannot restore the [[ridged band]] or the [[frenulum]], but a restored foreskin does have some nerves in it. Those nerves are stimulated by the [[Gliding action| gliding]] of the foreskin, so it is quite pleasurable to have a restored foreskin. Some men who were [[circumcised]] as adults and subsequently restored have estimated that they got back about 80 percent of what they had lost in sensation.# ''Increased comfort'': The head of one's [[penis]] is protected by [[foreskin]] as nature intended.# ''Decreased'' [[keratinization]] of the [[glans penis]].# ''Esthetics'': One's penis approaches the Greek ideal of male beauty.<ref>{{REFweb |url=http://acroposthion.com/ancient-greeks-and-the-foreskin/ |title=Ancient Greeks & the Foreskin |website=Acroposthion |date=2017 |accessdate=2010-10-02 |quote=The ancient Greeks were against the practice of circumcising their males and possessing a generous foreskin was a significantly important part of their culture.}}</ref> The [[circumcision scar]] is now completely concealed by the longer skin which relocates the scar to the inside. As the restored foreskin gets longer and extends beyond the glans penis, the [[acroposthion]] is reformed.# The presence of a foreskin and [[gliding action]] usually provides a more satisfactory [[Vagina| intra-vaginal experience]] for the female partner.

2See also [https://drive. ''Coverage of the glans'': this is beneficial because (a) it protects the glans from uncomfortably rubbing up against things, and (b) by keeping the glans moist and protected, it leads to dekeratinization, which subsequently increases sensitivitygoogle.com/file/d/1_eBZN-MBow5XrMIN_PdM4JPU4nFqMrtp/view BENEFITS OF FORESKIN RESTORATION].

3. ''Gliding mechanism'': this is beneficial because it facilitates masturbation and sex by reducing friction and providing a stimulating sheath that pleasurably slips back and forth over the glans== Emotional, thereby decreasing the need for artificial lubrication. 4. ''Esthetics'': I prefer the look of a covered glans to a denuded glanspsychological, particularly one with a discolored and uneven circumcision scar around the shaft. My circumcision scar is now completely concealed.psychiatric benefits ==

5Foreskin restoration has been reported as having beneficial emotional results in [[circumcised]] men. ''Feeling whole''<ref name="Greer"/><ref name="Goodwin"/><ref name="Penn">{{REFjournal |last=Penn |first=Jack |init=P |title=Penile Reform |journal=British Journal of Plastic Surgery |volume=16 |issue=287-8 |pages= |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/penn1/ |quote= |pubmedID=14042759 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1016/S0007-1226(63)80123-X |date=1963 |accessdate=2019-09-29}}</ref><ref name="Boyle">{{BoyleGJ GoldmanR SvobodaJS FernandezE 2002}}</ref> Watson & Golden (2017) recommend non-surgical foreskin restoration as a treatment for negative feelings in many adult men about their involuntary infant [[circumcision]].<ref name="watson2017">{{REFjournal |last=Watson |first=Lindsay R. |init=LR |author-link=Lindsay R. Watson |last2=Golden |first2=Tom |init2=T |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Male circumcision grief: effective and ineffective therapeutic approaches |journal=New Male Studies: An International Journal |location= |date=2017 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=109-25 |url=http: The presence //newmalestudies.com/OJS/index.php/nms/article/view/261/317 |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2019-12-12}}</ref> == Foreskin coverage indexes == In an effort to provide men partaking in foreskin restoration a reference to the extent of their circumcision skin loss, various foreskin coverage indexes have been created. Coverage indexes may be used by both [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men to describe the restored foreskins causes one extent of their coverage. All three systems are in use. ===Original coverage index=== The first coverage index (2008) comes to look us from [[Australia]]. It is still online at [https://archive.is/20121231212745/http://www.newforeskin.biz/CI/CIchart.htm Coverage Index]. ===Real coverage index=== The original coverage index was not completely satisfactory and feel wholewas supplemented by the [http://www.restoringforeskin.org/public/foreskin-restoration-real-coverage-index-rci Real Coverage Index], complete, and normalwhich lacked illustrations.

7The latest and most complete example is the [https://foreskinrestoration.men/foreskin-restoration-coverage-index/ ADI Coverage Index] (2020). ''Increased comfort'': The head index depicts a range of one's penis is protected by penises in both the flaccid and erect state from 0 to 10, with 0 being the tightest [[circumcision]] and 10 the longest [[foreskin]]. Men undergoing foreskin as nature intendedrestoration can chart their progress using the coverage index (CI).

== Emotional, psychological, and psychiatric aspects =Forced erect coverage===

Foreskin restoration has been reported as having beneficial emotional results in some men, and has been proposed as a treatment for negative feelings in some adult men about their infant circumcisionsForced erect coverage is yet another way to measure one's amount of skin.<ref name="Greer"/><ref name="Goodwin"/><ref name="Penn">{{REFjournal | last=Penn | first=Jack | coauthors= | title=Penile Reform | journal=British Journal of Plastic Surgery | volume=16 | issue=287-8 | pages=REFweb | url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/penn1/ | quote= | pubmedID=14042759 | pubmedCID= | DOI=10tlctugger.1016com/S0007forced-1226(63)80123erect-Xcoverage/ | datetitle=1963 | accessdate=2019-09-29}}</ref><ref name="Boyle">{{REFjournalForced Erect Coverage | last=Boyle | first=GJ | coauthors=Goldman R.; Svoboda, J.S.; Fernandez, E. | title=Male Circumcision: Pain, Trauma and Psychosexual Sequelae | journal=Journal of Health Psychology | volume=7 | issue=3 | pages=329-43 | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle6/ | quote= | pubmedID= | pubmedCID= | DOI=10.1177/1359105302007003225 | date=2002 | accessdate=20192020-0912-2919

* [[Literature about foreskin restorationTissue expansion]]* [[:Category:Foreskin restoration devicesTrauma]]* [[:Category:Films about foreskin restorationUncircumcised]]

|website=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision(D.O.C.)]]

| last=BrandesAnonymous | first=S.B. | coauthorsauthor-link= |etal=McAninch, J.W.no | title=Surgical methods The joy of restoring the prepuce: a critical reviewuncircumcising | journal=BJU IntBMJ |location= |date=1994-09-10 | volume=83309 | issue=Suppl. 1 | pages=109676-137 | url=httpshttp://onlinelibrarywww.wileycirp.comorg/library/doirestoration/epdfanonymous1/ |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.10461136/jbmj.309.6955.1464676a |accessdate=2019-410x11-26}}* {{REFweb |url=https://www.1999foreskinrestore.0830s1109com/ |title=Enter ForeskinRestore.xcom (NSFW website) | quotelast= | pubmedIDfirst=10349422 | pubmedCIDaccessdate=2021-05-05}}* {{REFnews | DOItitle=10Many men bitterly regret being circumcised. A new method allows them to repair the damage.1046 |url=https:/j/www.independent.co.1464uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/how-to-reverse-410xthe-irreversible-1338650.html |last=Carter |first=Rica |last2=Rockhall |first2=Anna |publisher=The Independent |website=www.1999independent.0830s1109co.xuk | date=19991996-06-25 | accessdate=20192020-0906-3023 |quote=Foreskin restoration is a slow process of [[stretching]] the [[penile skin]] over the naked glans, and can take several years. Many men, however, report an improvement in comfort and sensitivity after only a couple of weeks.

[[Category:Under constructionForegen]]

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