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September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population ==Two African surveys==The previously reported studies on the relationship of circumcision and HIV infectionwere from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
Mayan et alFrench scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the male population incidence of the province of Ontario, HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[Canadaintact]] (569men. In his first report,950 males)Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:<blockquote>In couple studies, the effect of whom 203circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 with similar transmission from female to male and 2017male to female. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk questions the amount of HIV infectioneffort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="mayan2021garenne2022A">{{REFjournal |last=MayanGarenne |first=MadhurMichel
HIV
,→Attempts to link lack of circumcision to HIV infection
'''HIV''' is an acronym initialism that stands for ''human immunodeficiency virus''. It also is considered to be an ''initalism''.
HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Persons who are infected with HIV frequently exhibit ''autoimmune deficiency syndrome'', better known by its own acronym ''[[AIDS]]''.
HIV was identified in 1981. It is thought to have originated in Africa.
==Attempts to link lack of circumcision to HIV infection==
Despite the known [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological functions]] of the [[foreskin]], certain [[:Category:Promoter|promoters of male circumcision]] attempted to link HIV infection to lack of [[circumcision]]. [[HIV trials in Africa|Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) ]] were carried out in Africa in an attempt to prove their hypothesis.
Green et al. (2008), in a preliminary report, published a long list of methodological issues with the RCTs.<ref name="green2008">{{REFjournal
|last=Green
|first=Lawrence W. |init=LW
|author-link=
|last2=McAllister
|first2=Ryan S.
|init2=RS |author2-link=Ryan McAllister
|last3=Peterson
|first3=Kent W.
|init3=KW
|author3-link=
|last4=Travis
|first4=John W.
|init4=JW |author4-link=John W. Travis
|etal=no
|title=Male circumcision is not the HIV ‘vaccine’ we have been waiting for!
|DOI=10.2217/17469600.2.3.193
|accessdate=2021-11-29
}}</ref>
''Medical News Today'' (2008) reported that a medical study found that circumcision is not effective in preventing infection in men who have sex with men.<ref name="MNT2008">{{REFnews
|title=Circumcision Not Effective In Preventing HIV Among MSM, Study Finds
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2008/2008-10-09_medicalnewstoday.php
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Medical News Today
|date=2008-10-09
|accessdate=2024-07-26
|quote=According to the study, there was minimal difference in HIV infections between those MSM who were circumcised and those who were not
}}</ref>
[[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] & [[George Hill|Hill]] (2011) studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref>
A circumcision program in Kenya failed to reduce the incidence of HIV infection. In fact, the incidence of infection rose from 3.5% to 3.8%. The circumcision program was deemed to be a total failure.<ref>{{REFnews
|title=Big Blow as circumcision of LUO MEN fails to reduce HIV/AIDS infections in Nyanza
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2013/2013-09-11_kenyandailypost.php
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=The Kenyan Daily Post (Nairobi)
|date=2013-09-13
|accessdate=2024-09-13
|quote=However, according to the new survey, the efforts seem to have exacerbated the situation as HIV infection increased from the previous 14.9% to 15.1%.
}}</ref>
[[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & [[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] (2018) further elaborated on these findings and suggested possible coordination between the RCTs and hinted at the possibility of fraud.<ref name= "vanhowe2018">{{REFjournal
}}</ref>
PEPFAR (2025) has scrapped its ineffective and harmful "voluntary male medical circumcision" (VMMC) program after 15 years and at least 27,000,000 harmful and useless [[foreskin]] amputations.<ref name="gwarisa2025">{{REFnews |title=New PEPFAR Waiver Scraps Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program |url=https://healthtimes.co.zw/2025/02/07/new-pepfar-waiver-scraps-voluntary-medical-male-circumcision-program/ |last=Gwarisa |first=Michael |init= |author-link= |publisher=Healthtimes |website= |date=2025-02-07 |accessdate=2025-02-16 |format= |quote=}}</ref> The [[United States]] government will no longer pay for harmful circumcisions in Africa. ==Population-based studies=={{Population-based studies}}
|init=M
|author-link=Michel Garenne |last2title=HamiltonChanging relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho |first2url=Robert Jhttps://pubmed.ncbi. |init2=RJ |author2-link= |last3=Juurlink |first3=David Nnlm. |init3=DN |author3-link= |last4=Austin |first4=Peter Cnih.gov/35373731/ |init4date=PC |author42022-link= |last5=Jarvi |first5=Keith A. |init5=KA |author504-link=04 |etaljournal=noJ Biosoc Sci |titlevolume=Circumcision and Risk online ahead of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada |journal=J Urolprint |datepages=2021-091-2316 |urlDOI=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.10971017/JU.0000000000002234 |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.S0021932022000153 |pubmedID=34551593 |DOI=10.1097/JU.000000000000223435373731 |accessdate=20212022-10-0228}}</ref> </blockquote>
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:<blockquote> "Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[Morten Frischcircumcised]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in and [[Denmarkintact]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate had similar levels of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men."<ref name="frisch2021garenne2022B">{{REFjournal |last=FrischGarenne |first=MortenMichael
|init=M
|author-link=Morten Frisch |last2=Simonsen |first2=Jacob |init2=J |author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=NonAge-therapeutic male circumcision in infancy or childhood incidence and risk prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus HIV among intact and other sexually transmitted infectionscircumcised men: national cohort study an analysis of PHIA surveys in DenmarkSouthern Africa |trans-title= |language= |journal=Eur J EpidemiolBiosoc Sci |location= |date=20212022-0910-26 |season= |volume=Published online ahead of print |issue= |article= |page= |pages=1-13 |url=https://linkwww.springercambridge.comorg/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/10.1007abs/s10654ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-021among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-00809southern-6africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=3456479636286328 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.10071017/s10654-021-00809-6S0021932022000414 |accessdate=20212022-10-2027}}</ref></blockquote>{{SEEALSO}}No association between circumcision status * [[Circumcision and risk of HIV infection was found.]]
{{REF}}
[[Category:Acronym]]
[[Category:Initialism]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[de:HIV]]