Changes

Mishra et al. (2023) surveyed the microbiome and mycobiome of eleven toilet-trained pediatric patients before and after elective non-therapeutic [[circumcision]]. Circumcision amputates the [[foreskin]] and destroys the [[preputial sac]] where the microbiome is found.<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> The authors reported a "significant drop" in the bacterial and fungal population after [[circumcision]], but did not report any change improvement in patient health.<ref>{{REFjournal