Changes

Prior to [[circumcision]], the protected and covered [[glans penis]] is very smooth and has a glossy, shiny appearance. It is usually very sensitive to touch. '''Keratinization''' is the process whereby the surface of the [[glans]] and remaining [[preputial mucosa|mucosa]] of the [[circumcised]] [[penis]] become becomes dry, toughened, hard and relatively insensitive by a layer of [[keratin]].<ref>{{REFweb

}}</ref> Normally, the [[glans]] is covered by the [[foreskin]], which moisturizes the area by [[transudation]], keeping the surface of the glans and inner [[mucosa]] moist and supple. After [[circumcision]], however, the glans and surrounding [[mucosa]] become permanently externalized, and they are exposed to the air and the constant abrasion of clothing. These areas dry out, causing layers of protective keratin to build, giving the [[glans ]] and remaining [[mucosa]] a dry, leathery , calloused appearance and reducing sensation.<ref>{{REFweb

}}</ref>The layer of [[keratin]] tends to crack, so the keratinized [[glans penis]] frequently exhibits cracks.

The color of the [[glans penis]] in Caucasian males will varybe changed by [[circumcision]]. In [[intact]] males, the color of the glans penis is likely have a purple tint, while in [[circumcised]] and , keratinized males the oolor is likely to be pinkish or flesh colored.

It was hypothesized in the past that the layers of [[keratin]] resulting from [[circumcision]] provided a barrier of protection against [[Circumcision and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD's)| sexually transmitted diseases]]. In 1986, the late circumcision-advocate [[Aaron J. Fink]] invented the idea, without any evidence, that circumcision could prevent the transmission of [[HIV]], falsely arguing that the hard and toughened glans of the [[circumcised]] male resisted [[infection]], while the soft and sensitive foreskin and glans [[mucosa]] of the [[intact]] male were ports of entry.<ref>{{REFjournal

Recent studies have shown this hypothesis to be false. One study found that there is "no difference between the keratinization of the inner and outer aspects of the adult male foreskin," and that "keratin layers alone were unlikely to explain why [[intact]] men were formerly believed to be at higher risk for [[HIV]] infection, however keratinization of the [[glans penis ]] was not measured."<ref>{{REFjournal

}}</ref>--> Be that as it may, this hypothesis continues to be popular among researchers circumcision enthusiasts who falsely advocate for [[circumcision ]] as STD prevention.

The [[foreskin]] provides moisture and oils to the [[glans penis]] by [[transudation]]. [[Foreskin restoration]] by non-surgical means has been found to reduce keratinization and to improve appearance and sensation. When the [[glans penis]] is consistently covered and protected by a regrown [[foreskin]] the moisture and oils cause the keratinization [[keratin]] to come off gradually.  Since [[skin]] is constantly dying naturally (apoptosis) and being replaced, once the friction and irritation is replaced with the warm, moist, snug protection of the inner [[foreskin]], the new cells aren't shoved into the harsh outside world, so they stay soft and pink and sensitive, the way they were intended to be. The surface of the glans penis gradually becomes softer, smoother, more glossy, and increased sensation has been reported by many restored men.

As the [[glans ]] becomes more and more sensitive, restored men come to depend upon their [[restored foreskin]] for protection and comfort.