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Bias
,→Cultural bias: Add text and reference.
Circumcision has been near-universal in the United States, Israel, the Philippines, and most Muslim nations. Circumcision is also considered a rite of passage in some African tribes. In these societies, a man who has not been circumcised is often considered to be inferior, and in some cases, a social outcast, so there is a strong incentive to circumcise one's self and/or one's children.
LeBourdais (1995) reported "the likelihood of a baby being circumcised is influenced by an expanding array of usually non-medical factors: circumcision status of the father, attitude of the mother, age of the attending physician, sex and circumcision status of
the physician, geographic location and religion factors that have little to do with the baby himself."<ref name="lebourdais1995">{{REFjournal
|last=LeBourdais
|first=Eleanor
|init=
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision no longer a "routine" surgical procedure.
|journal=Can Med Assoc J
|location=
|date=1995
|volume=152
|issue=11
|pages=1873-6
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1337997/pdf/cmaj00071-0145.pdf
|quote=
|pubmedID=7773907
|pubmedCID=1337997
|DOI=
|accessdate=2021-07-25
}}</ref>
=== American bias ===