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''From the English [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah Wikipedia]:''
The '''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is the first part of the Jewish ritual circumcision procedure. It is supposedly required by the [[Abrahamic covenant]], which is found in Genesis 17, however this chapter has been questioned and debunked by a Jewish scholar.<ref name="glick2005">{{REFbook
|last=Glick
|first=Leonard B.
|init=LB
|author-link=Leonard B. Glick
|year=2005
|title=Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America
|edition=1st
|chapter=Chapter One
|pages=15-18
|publisher={{UNI|Oxford University|Oxon}} Press
|isbn=9780195176742
|accessdate=2020-03-02
|note=
}}</ref>
<blockquote>
The '''''brit milah''''' (Hebrew: בְּרִית מִילָה; Ashkenazi pronunciation: bʁis ˈmilə, "covenant of [[circumcision]]"; Yiddish pronunciation: ''bris'' (bʀɪs)) is a Jewish religious male circumcision ceremony performed by a ''[[mohel]]'' on the eighth day of a male infant's life, as required by the [[Abrahamic covenant]] and the Halacha. The ''brit milah'' is followed by a celebratory meal.
</blockquote>
A boy born to a Jewish mother is a Jew without regard to his circumcision status.
The Christian elders, meeting at the [[Council at Jerusalem]] in about 49 A.D. rejected Brit Milah as a Christian practice, however it remains a Jewish practice.
==Description==
[[James Peron]] reported:
<blockquote>
The '''''brit milah''''' (Hebrew: בְּרִית מִילָה; Ashkenazi pronunciation: bʁis ˈmilə, "covenant original Biblical circumcision of [[circumcision]]"; Yiddish pronunciation: Abraham''bris'' (bʀɪs)) is s time was a Jewish religious male relatively minor ritual circumcision procedure in which only the redundant end of the [[circumcision ceremonyforeskin]] performed by a ''extending beyond the tip of the [[mohelglans]]'' on was removed. This was called "Milah". It is from this term that the eighth day of a male infant's lifeJewish Religious Covenant circumcision ritual Bris Milah or Brith Milah got its name. The ''brit milah'' is followed by a celebratory meal<ref name="peron2000">{{REFjournal |last=Peron |init=JE |author-link=James Peron |url=https://cirp.org/library/history/peron2/ |title=Circumcision: then and now |journal=Many Blessings |date=2000 |season=Spring |volume=III |issue= |pages=41-2 |accessdate=2023-08-25}}</ref></blockquote>
Brit Milah is performed by a ''[[mohel]]''.
==Risks==
Medical science has identified several risks associated with Brit Milah. Brit Milah is a surgical operation and, like all surgical operations, has the risks of [[infection]], [[bleeding]], and surgical misadventure, up to and including loss of the [[penis]] and [[death]].
Professor [[L. Emmett Holt]] (1913) reported 41 cases of tuberculosis in ritually [[circumcised]] boys who had been infected by tubercular [[Mohel| mohels]], of whom 16 had died at the time of writing.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Holt
|init=LE
|author-link=
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/holt1/
|title=Tuberculosis acquired through ritual circumcision
|journal=JAMA
|date=1913
|volume=LXI
|issue=2
|pages=99-102
|accessdate=2022-1-8
}}</ref>
More recently, cases of [[infection]] of baby boys with herpes simplex have been reported. One death and brain damage in another has occurred.<ref name="frieden2005">{{REFdocument
|title=An open letter to the Jewish Community from the New York City Health Commissioner
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214110055/http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/std/std-bris-commishletter.pdf
|contribution=
|last=Frieden
|first=Thomas
|publisher=City of New York
|format=PDF
|date=2005-12-13
|accessdate=2022-01-09
}}</ref>
Brit Milah is a cause of [[urinary tract infection]] (UTI).<ref name="smith1916">{{REFjournal
|last=Smith
|init=RM
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/smith1916/
|title=Recent contributions to the study of pyelitis in infancy
|journal=Am J Dis Child
|date=1916
|volume=XII
|pages=235.243
}}</ref><ref name="Cohen 1992">{{REFjournal
|last=Cohen
|init=H
|etal=yes
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/cohen/
|title=Postcircumcision Urinary Tract Infection
|journal=Clinical Pediatrics
|date=1992
|pages=322-324
}}</ref><ref name="Goldman 1996">{{REFjournal
|last=Goldman
|init=M
|last2=Barr
|init2=J
|last3=Bistritzer
|init3=T
|last4=Aladjem
|init4=M
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/goldman/
|title=Urinary tract infection following ritual jewish circumcision
|journal=Israel Journal of Medical Sciences
|date=1996
|volume=32
|issue=11
|pages=1098-1102
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Prais
|init=D
|last2=Shoov-Furman
|init2=R
|last3=Amir
|init3=J
|title=Is circumcision a risk factor for neonatal urinary tract infections?
|journal=Arch Dis Child
|date=2008-10-06
|DOI=10.1136/adc.2008.144063
|url=http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/adc.2008.144063v1
}}</ref> The infection appears within two weeks after the ritual operation.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Toker
|first=
|init=O
|author-link=
|last2=Schwartz
|first2=
|init2=S
|author2-link=
|last3=Segal
|first3=
|init3=G
|author3-link=
|last4=Godovitch
|first4=
|init4=N
|author4-link=
|last5=Schlesinger
|first5=
|init5=Y
|author5-link=
|last6=Raveh
|first6=
|init6=D
|author6-link=
|etal=no
|title=A costly covenant: ritual circumcision and urinary tract infection
|journal=Isr Med Assoc J
|location=
|date=2010-05
|volume=12
|issue=5
|page=
|pages=262-5
|url=https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUploadPublic/IMAJ/0/39/19639.pdf
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=20929075
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2023-11-09
}}</ref>
== Social developments ==
Jewish families increasingly are questioning the practice of male circumcision. The Israeli newspaper, Haaretz, reported that many Jewish families are rejecting ritual circumcision.<ref name="ahituv2021">{{REFnews
|title=Even in Israel, More and More Parents Choose Not to Circumcise Their Sons
|url=https://www.haaretz.com/even-in-israel-more-and-more-parents-choose-not-to-circumcise-1.5178506
|last=Ahituv
|first=Netta
|coauthors=
|publisher=Haaretz
|website=
|date=2021-06-14
|accessdate=2023-12-27
|quote=The survey also found that nearly a third of the parents would prefer to forgo circumcision but nevertheless have it done for social reasons (16.6 percent), health reasons (10.4 percent) and because it is important for the grandparents (2.1 percent).
}}</ref> In the [[United States]], a new organization, [[Bruchim]], seeks to make non-circumcision acceptable in synagogues.
== Video ==
<b>Jewish Circumcision Ritual and Jews Who Say No</b>
<youtube>v=INy_JH6lzHI</youtube>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Abrahamic covenant]]
* [[Brit Shalom]]
* [[Judaism]]
* [[Metzitzah b'peh]]
* [[Pain]]
* [[Penile herpes simplex virus type 1 infection (after Jewish ritual circumcision)]]
* [[Periah]]
* [[Trauma]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.thebrisguide.com/what-is-a-bris
|title=The Parent's Comprehensive Guide to Bris Milah
|last=Golish
|first=Shlomo
|init=
|publisher=The Bris Guide
|date=2022
|accessdate=2022-11-24
}}
* {{REFbook
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/legal/chessler/02.php#D3
|chapter=Judaism and Male Circumcision: The Bible and its Contradictions
|title=Justifying the Unjustifiable: Rite v. Wrong
|last=Chessler
|first=Abbie J.
|init=AJ
|author-link=Abbie Chessler
|publisher=Buffalo Law Review
|year=1997
|accessdate=2023-08-26
}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Circumcision term]]
[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:Penile surgery]]
[[de:Brit Mila]]