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==Is circumcision itself violence?==
The performance of a circumcision operation takes minimal physical force, but it makes up for the lack of force by the great damage to the [[penis]] and its many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions,<ref>{{REFweb
|url=http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/
|title=Functions of the Foreskin
|last=Helard
|first=Lou
|author-link=
|publisher=Intact Australia
|website=
|date=2014-08-01
|accessdate=2022-11-07
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref> and also by the extreme [[Pain| pain and trauma]] that it inflicts. Ramos & Boyle (2001) studied the psychological effects of [[circumcision]] on Filipino boys. They reported that sixty-nine percent of traditionally circumcised boys and fifty-one percent of medically [[circumcised]] boys subsequently met the criteria for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder ([[PTSD]]).<ref name="ramos-boyle2001">{{REFbook
|last=Ramos
|first=Samuel
|init=S
|author-link=
|last2=Boyle
|first2=Gregory J.
|init2=GJ
|author2-link=Gregory J. Boyle
|year=2001
|title=Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300649237_Ritual_and_Medical_Circumcision_among_Filipino_Boys
|work=Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem
|editor=Denniston GC, Hodges FM, Milos M
|edition=
|volume=
|chapter=
|pages=253-70
|location=New York
|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
|isbn=
|quote=
|accessdate=2022-11-05
|note=
}}</ref>
Reorder sections for better flow.
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
==Adult reenactment==
|accessdate=2022-11-05
}}</ref></blockquote>
==Is circumcision itself violence?==The performance of a circumcision operation takes minimal physical force, but it makes up for the lack of force by the great damage to the [[penis]] and its many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions,<ref>{{REFweb |url=http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/ |title=Functions of the Foreskin |last=Helard |first=Lou |author-link= |publisher=Intact Australia |website= |date=2014-08-01 |accessdate=2022-11-07 |format= |quote=}}</ref> and also by the extreme [[Pain| pain and trauma]] that it inflicts. Ramos & Boyle (2001) studied the psychological effects of [[circumcision]] on Filipino boys. They reported that sixty-nine percent of traditionally circumcised boys and fifty-one percent of medically [[circumcised]] boys subsequently met the criteria for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder ([[PTSD]]).<ref name="ramos-boyle2001">{{REFbook |last=Ramos |first=Samuel |init=S |author-link= |last2=Boyle |first2=Gregory J. |init2=GJ |author2-link=Gregory J. Boyle |year=2001 |title=Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300649237_Ritual_and_Medical_Circumcision_among_Filipino_Boys |work=Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem |editor=Denniston GC, Hodges FM, Milos M |edition= |volume= |chapter= |pages=253-70 |location=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers |isbn= |quote= |accessdate=2022-11-05 |note=}}</ref>
==Religious circumcision and violence==
===Judaism===