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The '''foreskin''' or '''prepuce''' is the double-layered fold of smooth muscle tissue, blood vessels, neurons, skin, and mucous membrane part of the [[penis]] that covers and protects the glans penis and the urinary meatus.
The nature of the prepuce or foreskin, which is amputated and destroyed by circumcision, must be considered and fully understood in any discussion of male [[circumcision]].<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{REFjournal
|issue=
|pages=291-5
|url=httphttps://onlinelibrarywww.wileyarclaw.comorg/doiwp-content/10.1046uploads/j.1464Taylor-Prepuce-SpecMucosa-BJU-410X.1996.85023.x/fullpdf
|quote=
|pubmedID=8800902
|DOI=
|accessdate=2019-10-14
}}</ref>Taylor ''et al''. reported:<blockquote>The layer vascular ridges of the `ridged band' and its [[dartosMeissner's corpuscles]] muscle is contained within firmly separate preputial epithelium from true skin and place preputial mucosa amongst other mucocutaneous mucosae. Winkelmann emphasized the structural and functional importance of junctional regions of the foreskin.<ref name="coldbody and focused on mucocutaneous end-taylor1999 /> The dartos muscle keeps the foreskin snugly against organs, or `genital corpuscles', of the glanspenis and prepuce. Some of these end-organs resemble Krause end-bulbs; others resemble [[Meissner's corpuscles]]. The fibers … [[Meissner's corpuscles]] of the dartos muscle form prepuce may be compared with similar nerve-endings in the finger-tips and lips, which respond in a fraction of a whorl at the tip second to contact with light objects that functions as bring about deformation of their capsules. … The prepuce provides a sphincterlarge and important platform for several nerves and nerve endings. The sphincter opens innervation of the outer skin of the prepuce is impressive; its sensitivity to allow urine light touch and pain are similar to flow out, but closes to protect that of the skin of the penis from foreign matter, contaminants, and pathogensas a whole.<ref name="lakshmanan-prakash1980taylor1996"/><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Jefferson |first= |author-link= |title=The peripenic muscle; some observations on the anatomy of phimosis |journal=Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics (Chicago) |date=1916 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=177-81 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/jefferson/ |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2019-10-14}}</refblockquote>
The [[ridged band]] area is found at the mucocutaneous junction. The ridged band area is characterized by rete ridges with Meissner’s [[Meissner's corpuscles ]] in the ridges.<ref name="taylor1996"/>
As with other neurologic structures such as the brain, the tip of the prepuce is richly supplied with blood by important vascular structures.<ref name="taylor1996"/> The prepuce serves as a conduit for several important veins.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{REFjournal
|DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410x.1995.tb07242.x
|accessdate=2019-10-15
}}</ref> The adult foreskin frequently has prominent visible veins.
The layer of [[dartos]] muscle is contained within the foreskin.<ref name="cold-taylor1999 /> The dartos muscle keeps the foreskin snugly against the glans. The fibers of the dartos muscle form a whorl at the tip that functions as a sphincter. The sphincter opens to allow urine to flow out, but closes to protect the penis from foreign matter, contaminants, and pathogens.<ref name="lakshmanan-prakash1980"/><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Jefferson
|first=
|author-link=
|title=The peripenic muscle; some observations on the anatomy of phimosis
|journal=Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics (Chicago)
|date=1916
|volume=23
|issue=2
|pages=177-81
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/jefferson/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2019-10-14
}}</ref>
The tapered tip of a longer foreskin that protrudes beyond the [[glans penis]] is known as the ''[[acroposthion]]''.
==Physiological functions==
}}</ref>
In the absence of the foreskin about ten to twenty percent of boys suffer urethral stricture ([[meatal stenosis]]) requiring further treatment.<ref name="frisch2016">{{REFjournal
|last=Frisch
|first=Morten
Taylor ''et al.'' (1996) carried out a histological study of the foreskin. (Histology is the microscopic examination of cells and tissues.) Taylor ''et al''. found an area of rete ridges just inside the tip of the foreskin that he called the [[ridged band]]. The ridges were found to have nerve endings at the top of the ridges. They report that the ridged band area moves to the shaft of the penis when the penis becomes erect where the nerves are subject to stimulation. They stated:
<blockquote>
The prepuce provides a large and important platform for several nerves and nerve endings. The innervation of the outer skin of the prepuce is impressive; its sensitivity to light touch and pain are similar to that of the skin of the penis as a whole.<ref name="taylor1996" />
</blockquote>
Moses Maimonides, a Jewish rabbi and physician, stated in the 12th century:
{{Citation
|Text=''It is hard for a woman with whom an uncircumcised man has had sexual intercourse to separate from him''.
|Author=[[Moses Maimonides]]
|ref=<ref>{{REFbook
* [[Retraction of the foreskin]]
* [[Ridged band]]
* [[The Foreskin and Why You Should Keep It (book)]]
{{LINKS}}
*{{REFweb
|url=http://www.foreskin.org/
|title=33 Photographs of the foreskin (Non-PornagraphicPornographic)
|trans-title=
|language=
{{REF}}
[[Category:From IntactipediaForeskin anatomy]]
[[Category:Genitals]]
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Penile anatomy]]
[[Category:Foreskin anatomyFrom Intactipedia]]
[[de:Vorhaut]]