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== Surgical techniques ==
Surgical methods of foreskin restoration, sometimes known as foreskin reconstruction, usually involve a method of grafting skin onto the distal portion of the penile shaft. The grafted skin is typically taken from the scrotum, which contains the same smooth muscle (known as [[dartos|dartos fascia]]) as does the skin of the penis. One method involves a four stage procedure in which the shaft is buried in the scrotum for a period of time.<ref name="Greer">{{REFjournal
|last=Greer
|first=Donald M.
|last2=Mohl
|first2=Paul C.
|last3=Sheley
|first3=Kathy A.
|title=A technique for foreskin reconstruction and some preliminary results
|journal=The Journal of Sex Research
|volume=18
|issue=4
|pages=324-330
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/greer1/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1080/00224498209551158
|date=1982
|accessdate=
}}</ref> Such techniques are costly, and have the potential to produce unsatisfactory results or serious complications related to the skin graft.
British Columbia resident Paul Tinari was held down and circumcised at eight years old, in what he stated was "a routine form of punishment" for [[masturbation]] at residential schools. Following a lawsuit, Tinari's surgical foreskin restoration was covered by the British Columbia Ministry of Health. The plastic surgeon who performed the restoration was the first in Canada to have done such an operation, and used a technique similar to that described above.<ref name="Tyee article">{{REFjournal
|last=Euringer
|first=Amanda
|title=BC Health Pays to Restore Man's Foreskin
|journal=The Tyee
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=
|url=http://thetyee.ca/News/2006/07/25/Circumcision/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=2006-07-25
|accessdate=
}}</ref><ref name="NRM article">{{REFjournal
|last=Laliberté
|first=Jennifer
|title=BC man's foreskin op a success
|journal=National Review of Medicine
|volume=3
|issue=12
|pages=
|url=http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2006/06_30/3_patients_practice01_12.html
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=2006-06-30
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
See [[Surgical foreskin restoration]]
Rearrange material and edit file.
[[Image:Restoration before after.JPG |thumbnail|right|300px| A human penis circumcised at birth, before and after 42 months of non-surgical restoration.]]
'''Foreskin restoration''' refers to the process of expanding the residual skin on the circumcised [[penis]] by non-surgical means in order to recreate the [[foreskin]] which was removed in [[circumcision]]. It can also refer to the process of [[Tissue expansion| expanding existing skin]] in a penis whose foreskin is abnormally short or non-existent (see [[aposthia]]).<ref name="collier2011">{{REFjournal
|last=Collier
|first=Roger
}}</ref> Since its founding, several NORM chapters have been founded throughout the United States, as well as internationally in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Germany.
== Nonsurgical techniques ==
|date=1997-10-15
|accessdate=
}}</ref> Unlike conventional skin expansion techniques, however, the process of nonsurgical foreskin restoration may take several years to complete. The time required depends on the amount of skin available to expand, the amount of skin desired in the end, and the regimen of stretching methods used. Patience and dedication are needed; support groups exist to help with these (see External links section). The act of stretching the skin is often described informally as "tugging" in these groups, especially those on the internetInternet.
Intact men who would like to have a longer foreskin may use these same techniques of [[tissue expansion]] to lengthen a short [[foreskin]]. Benefits include improved protection of the [[glans penis]], improved [[gliding action]], and improved physical appearance.
See [[Basics of foreskin restoration]]
== Surgical techniques ==
Surgical techniques of foreskin restoration are historical. They are seldom, if ever, used today because they have not given good results.
Surgical methods of foreskin restoration, sometimes known as foreskin reconstruction, usually involve a method of grafting skin onto the distal portion of the penile shaft. The grafted skin is typically taken from the scrotum, which contains the same smooth muscle (known as [[dartos|dartos fascia]]) as does the skin of the penis. One method involves a four stage procedure in which the shaft is buried in the scrotum for a period of time.<ref name="Greer">{{REFjournal
|last=Greer
|first=Donald M.
|last2=Mohl
|first2=Paul C.
|last3=Sheley
|first3=Kathy A.
|title=A technique for foreskin reconstruction and some preliminary results
|journal=The Journal of Sex Research
|volume=18
|issue=4
|pages=324-330
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/greer1/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1080/00224498209551158
|date=1982
|accessdate=
}}</ref> Such techniques are costly, and have the potential to produce unsatisfactory results or serious complications related to the skin graft.
British Columbia resident Paul Tinari was held down and circumcised at eight years old, in what he stated was "a routine form of punishment" for [[masturbation]] at residential schools. Following a lawsuit, Tinari's surgical foreskin restoration was covered by the British Columbia Ministry of Health. The plastic surgeon who performed the restoration was the first in Canada to have done such an operation, and used a technique similar to that described above.<ref name="Tyee article">{{REFjournal
|last=Euringer
|first=Amanda
|title=BC Health Pays to Restore Man's Foreskin
|journal=The Tyee
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=
|url=http://thetyee.ca/News/2006/07/25/Circumcision/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=2006-07-25
|accessdate=
}}</ref><ref name="NRM article">{{REFjournal
|last=Laliberté
|first=Jennifer
|title=BC man's foreskin op a success
|journal=National Review of Medicine
|volume=3
|issue=12
|pages=
|url=http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2006/06_30/3_patients_practice01_12.html
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=2006-06-30
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
See [[Surgical foreskin restoration]]
== Results ==
}}</ref>
The process of foreskin restoration seeks to regenerate some of the tissue removed by circumcision by expansion of residual tissue, as well as providing coverage of the glans. According to research, the [[foreskin ]] comprises over one-half of the skin and mucosa of the human penis.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Taylor
|first=J.R.
Some men who have undertaken foreskin restoration report a visibly smoother glans, which some of these men attribute to decreased levels of [[keratinization]] following restoration.
<!--Several studies have suggested that the glans is equally sensitive in circumcised and uncircumcised males,<ref name="masters">{{REFbook
|last=Masters
|first=William H.
|DOI=10.1136/bmj.309.6955.679a
|accessdate=2019-9-29
}}</ref> --> Sorrells (2007) ''et al'' and Yang ''et al'' (2008) have reported empirical data that proves there is more sensation in intact males.<ref name="sorrels">{{REFjournal
|last=Sorrells
|first=