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The procedures of '''[[female genital mutilation]]''' (FGM) are significantly more extensive.<ref name=Nussbaum1999p119/> FGM has no medical benefits and can cause serious harm to women's physical and mental health, depending on the procedure and whether it was performed by traditional cutters or medical personnel.<ref name=WHO2019/> Known until the early 1990s as "female circumcision", the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and other agencies began referring to it as "female genital mutilation" to remove any analogy to male circumcision.<ref>{{REFbook
|last1last=Cappa |first1first=Claudia |init=C
|etal=yes
|title=Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change
|pages=6–7
}}</ref><ref name=Nussbaum1999p119>{{REFbook
|last1last=Nussbaum |first1first=Martha |init=M
|author-link=Martha Nussbaum
|title=Sex and Social Justice
|last=Timberg
|first=Craig
|init=C
|last2=Halperin
|first2=DanielT. |init2=DT |author2-link=Daniel T. Halperin
|date=2013
|publisher=Penguin Books
{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Genital modification and mutilation]]