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Most people having experienced a traumatizing event will not develop PTSD.<ref>National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56494/ "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care"]. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 26. Gaskell (Royal College of Psychiatrists). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0015848/ Lay summary] – Pubmed Health (plain English).</ref> People who experience assault-based trauma are more likely to develop PTSD, as opposed to people who experience non-assault based trauma such as witnessing trauma, accidents, and fire events.<ref>Zoladz, Phillip (June 2013). "Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: A search for clarity in a conflicting literature". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 37 (5): 860-895. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2013.03.024</ref> Children are less likely to experience PTSD after trauma than adults, especially if they are under ten years of age. War veterans are commonly at risk for PTSD.
</blockquote>
===Child circumcision as a traumatizing eveɲt===
The male [[circumcision]] operation to amputate the [[foreskin]] has been shown to be a traumatic event.
Taddio & colleagues (1995)(1997) studied the effect of neonatal circumcision on the behavior of boys after surgery and at the time of vaccination. It was found that circumcised boys had a higher pain response at time of vaccination six months later as compared with intact boys,<ref name="taddio"1995">{{REFjournal
|last=Taddio
|init=A
|first=Anna
|author-link=
|last2=Goldbach
|init2=M
|first2=Morton
|author2-link=
|last3=Ipp
|init3=M
|first3=Moshe
|author3-link=
|last4=Stevens
|init4=S
|first4=Bonnie
|author4-link=
|last5=Koren
|init5=G
|first5=Gideon
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination in boys
|journal=Lancet
|location=
|date=1995
|volume=344
|issue=
|pages=291-2
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/taddio/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=7837863
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90278-3
|accessdate=2020-11-10
}}</ref> <ref name="taddio1997">{{REFjournal
|last=Taddio
|init=A
|first=Anna
|author-link=
|last2=Katz
|init2=J
|first2=Joel
|author2-link=
|last3=Ilersich
|init3=AL
|first3=A. Lane
|author3-link=
|last4=Gideon
|init4=K
|first4=Koren
|author4-link=
|etal=no
|title=Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination
|journal=Lancet
|location=
|date=1997-03-01
|volume=342
|issue=9052
|pages=599-603
|url=https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/7941/KAT036.pdf?sequence=1&origin=publication_detail
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=9057731
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10316-0
|accessdate=2020-11-28
}}</ref> showing that the nervous system had been permanently sensitized to heightened pain sensation.
Taddio ''et al''. (1997) concluded:
<blockquote>
Although postsurgical central sensitisation (allodynia and hyperalgesia) can extend to sites of the body distal from the wound, suggesting a supraspinal effect, the long-term consequences of surgery done without anaesthesia are likely to include post-traumatic stress as well as pain. It is, therefore, possible that the greater vaccination response in the infants circumcised without anaesthesia may represent an <u>infant analogue of a post-traumatic stress disorder</u> triggered by a traumatic and painful event and re-experienced under similar circumstances of pain during vaccination.<ref name="taddio1997" />
</blockquote>
John Rhinehart, M. D., (1999) a clinical psychiatrist, reported finding numerous cases of PTSD in his adult male patients pursuant to infant circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Rhinehart
|init=J
|first=John
|author-link=
|title=Neonatal circumcision reconsidered
|journal=Tranactional Analysis Journal
|date=1999-07
|volume=29
|issue=3
|pages=215-21
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/
|accessdate=2020-11-28
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}