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Add work of Emde et al. 1971
|accessdate=2019-12-05
}}</ref></blockquote>
Emde ''et al''. (1971) being curious about changes in infant behavior after painful heel sticking, decided to test baby boys before and after routine (non-therapeutic) circumcision performed without anesthesia. Not surprisingly, they found that circumcision changed behavior. They concluded:
<blockquote>
Routine hospital circumcision, done without anesthesia, was chosen as a potential stressor which might be expected to produce prolonged bombardment of pain pathways. Two studies, one without polygraphic manipulation and one with EEG and polygraphic manipulation and one with EEG and polygraphic recording, resulted in similar findings. Circumcision was usually followed by prolonged, non-REM sleep. Effects of circumcision were demonstrable in terms of an increase in the amount of non-REM sleep (p<0.01) and a decrease in latency to the onset of non-REM sleep (P<0.05). Infants were used as their own controls and were compared with non-circumcised males for statistical analysis. Postcircumcision increase in non-REM sleep was also reflected in an increased total number of non-REM sleep periods and an increased number of extremely long non-REM sleep periods.<ref name=emde1971">{{REFjournal
|last=Emde
|first=Robert M.
|author-link=
|last2=Harmon
|first2=Robert J.
|author2-link=
|last3=Metcalf
|first3=David
|author3-link=
|last4=Koenig
|first4=Kenneth L.
|author4-link=
|last5=Wagonfeld
|first5=Samuel
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=Stress and Neonatal Sleep
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Psychosom Med
|location=
|date=1971-11
|volume=33
|issue=6
|pages=491-7
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/emde/
|quote=
|pubmedID=5148980
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1097/00006842-197111000-00002
|accessdate=2019-12-05
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
{{REF}}