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It is becoming more and more apparent that routine circumcision of boys raises the same basic [[human rights]] issues as [[FGM- a ritual of agony| FGM]]. Two of our leading medical ethicists, Dr. Eike-Henner Kluge and Dr. Margaret Somerville, have warned that infant male [[circumcision]] presents serious ethical and legal difficulties. Dr. Kluge, a former Director of Ethics and Legal Affairs at the [https://www.cma.ca/ Canadian Medical Association], has characterized infant male circumcision as "non-consensual mutilation of a minor." Dr. Somerville, Founding Director of the [https://www.mcgill.ca/study/2010-2011/faculties/law/information/law_centre_for_medicine_ethics_and_law McGill Centre for Medicine, Ethics and Law], has likened infant male circumcision to criminal assault.
Evidence suggests that except in rare cases when it is performed in response to a specific medical need, male circumcision confers no net medical benefit and may harm the person who undergoes it. The [https://www.cps.ca/ Canadian Paediatric Society] concluded in 1996, after an exhaustive review of the medical literature, that any potential benefit from neonatal circumcision does not outweigh the surgical risks associated with performing the procedure.<ref name="cps1996">{{REFjournal