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{{Construction Site}}'''Cervical cancer''' is caused by the [[human papillomavirus]], also known as HPV. Circumcision advocates often use HPV as a scare tactic, falsely asserting that [[circumcision]] prevents, or "reduces" its transmission. Like all other diseases that circumcision is supposed to prevent, however, the best "evidence" that is offered is statistical analyses of carefully selected data. There is, as of yet no established mechanism whereby [[circumcision]] prevents, or reduces the transmission of HPV.
'''Cervical cancer''' is caused by the Human Papilloma Virus, also known as HPV. Circumcision advocates often use HPV as a scare tactic, asserting that circumcision prevents, or "reduces" its transmission. Like all other diseases that circumcision is supposed to prevent, however, the best "evidence" that is offered is statistical analyses of carefully selected data. There is, as of yet no established mechanism whereby circumcision prevents, or reduces the transmission of HPV. Cervical cancer is cancer of the cervix. The [[cervix ]] is the lower part of the [[uterus]], or womb, and is situated at the top of the [[vagina]]. Cervical cancer develops when abnormal cells in the lining of the cervix begin to multiply out of control and form pre-cancerous lesions. If undetected, these lesions can develop into tumours and spread into the surrounding tissue.
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Medical conditions]]
Wikify.
== Cause of cervical cancer ==
Cervical cancer is caused by [[infection ]] with certain types of the [[human papillomavirus]], or HPV. While other factors such as the oral contraceptive pill, smoking, a woman's immune system and the presence of other infections also seem to play a part, a woman has to have been infected with certain 'high-risk' HPV types before cervical cancer can develop.<ref name="ho1998">{{REFjournal
|last=Ho
|firstinit=GY
|author-link=
|last2=Kadish
|first2=Anna S.
|init2=AS
|author2-link=
|last3=Burk
|first3init3=RD
|author3-link=
|etal=yes
}}</ref> High risk types 16 & 18 are responsible for ~70% of all cervical cancers. Abnormal cervical cells are also caused by HPV infection, and these may be detected when a woman has a routine Pap smear.
== Human Papillomavirus papillomavirus (HPV) == [[Human papillomavirus]], or HPV, is a common virus that affects both females and males. There are more than 100 types of the virus. In fact, certain types of HPV cause common warts on the hands and feet. Most types of HPV are harmless, do not cause any symptoms, and go away on their own. About 40 types of HPV are known as genital HPV as they affect the genital area. More than 50% of people (males and females) will be infected with at least one type of genital HPV at some time.
Genital HPV types may be "high-risk" types (such as HPV Types 16 and 18) that can cause cervical pre-cancer and cancer, or "low-risk" types (such as HPV Types 6 and 11) that can cause genital warts and usually benign (abnormal but non-cancerous) changes in the cervix. Both the "high-risk" and "low-risk" types of HPV can cause abnormal Pap smears.
Genital HPV infection is not something to feel embarrassed or ashamed about. It is very common and most often goes away without any ill effects. It could almost be considered a normal part of being a healthy sexually active woman.
== Research contradictions ==
Castellsagué et al. (2002) found that "HPV was present in 19.6% of [[uncircumcised]] men and 5.5% of [[circumcised]] men. Men who had had 6 or more sexual partners also had an increased risk of infection. After adjustment for confounding variables, circumcision remained associated with less frequent HPV infection."<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Castellsagué
|first=Xavier
|init=X
|etal=yes
|title=Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners
|journal=N Engl J Med
|date=2020-04-11
|volume=346
|pages=1105-1112
}}</ref> The same Castellsagué (2014) found that [[circumcision]] was practically useless for HPV prevention.<ref>{{REFweb
|last=Frisch
|first=Morten
|author-link=Morten Frisch
|publisher=Circumstitions News
|url=https://circumstitionsnews.blogspot.com/2014/02/brazil-mexico-usa-circumcision-does-not.html
|title=BRAZIL, MEXICO, USA: Circumcision does not protect against HPV
|date=2014-02-18
|accessdate=2020-07-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Ginesa
|first=Alberto
|init=A
|last2=Castellsagué
|first2=Xavier
|init2=X
|etal=yes
|url=https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-14-75
|title=Male circumcision and the incidence and clearance of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men: the HPV Infection in men (HIM) cohort study
|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases
|volume=14
|issue=75
|date=2014
|accessdate=2020-07-08
}}</ref>
Circumcision promoter [[Aaron Tobian]] (2009) claimed that "male circumcision significantly reduced the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus ([[HIV]]) infection among men in three clinical trials."<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Tobian
|first=Aaron
|init=A
|author-link=Aaron Tobian
|etal=yes
|url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802556
|title=Male Circumcision for the Prevention of HSV-2 and HPV Infections and Syphilis
|journal=N Engl J Med
|volume=360
|pages=1298-1309
|DOI=10.1056/NEJMoa0802556
|date=2009-03-26
|accessdate=2020-07-08
}}</ref> The study, led by scientists from {{UNI|Johns Hopkins University|JHU}} and {{UNI|Makerere University|Mak}} in Uganda, relied on data from the same randomized control trials in Africa that already showed that circumcision cuts in half the risk of contracting human immunodeficiency virus ([[HIV]]), which can cause [[AIDS]]. [... and so has [http://www.circumstitions.com/HIV-SA.html the same faults] as them.]
== HPV vaccines ==
There are already two HPV vaccines available. <ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/parents/vaccine-for-hpv.html |title=Vaccine for HPV vacine |publisher=[[CDC]] |date=2019-05-16 |accessdate=2020-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/hpv-human-papillomavirus-vaccine/ |title=HPV vaccine overview |publisher=NHS |date=2019-05-10 |accessdate=2020-07-08}}</ref> HPV vaccine is administered to girls children before their sexual debut. Even ''if'' there would have ever been any HPV protection by circumcision, it is no longer necessary to circumcise anyone because of HPV protection at least now.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Human papillomavirus]]
* [[Penile cancer]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/
|title=Penile cancer, cervical cancer, and circumcision
|publisher=Circumcision Reference Library
|website=CIRP
|date=2008-11-06
|accessdate=2020-02-11
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/cervical-cancer/
|title=Cervical Cancer
|date=2019-08-15
|accessdate=2020-02-11
}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Medical condition]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]