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}}</ref> High risk types 16 & 18 are responsible for ~70% of all cervical cancers. Abnormal cervical cells are also caused by HPV infection, and these may be detected when a woman has a routine Pap smear.
== Human Papillomavirus papillomavirus (HPV) ==[[Human papillomavirus]], or HPV, is a common virus that affects both females and males. There are more than 100 types of the virus. In fact, certain types of HPV cause common warts on the hands and feet. Most types of HPV are harmless, do not cause any symptoms, and go away on their own. About 40 types of HPV are known as genital HPV as they affect the genital area. More than 50% of people (males and females) will be infected with at least one type of genital HPV at some time.
Genital HPV types may be "high-risk" types (such as HPV Types 16 and 18) that can cause cervical pre-cancer and cancer, or "low-risk" types (such as HPV Types 6 and 11) that can cause genital warts and usually benign (abnormal but non-cancerous) changes in the cervix. Both the "high-risk" and "low-risk" types of HPV can cause abnormal Pap smears.
== Research contradictions ==
Castellsagué ''et al.'' , 2002, found in 2002 that "HPV was present in 19.6% of uncircumcised men and 5.5% of circumcised men. Men who had had 6 or more sexual partners also had an increased risk of infection. After adjustment for confounding variables, circumcision remained associated with less frequent HPV infection."<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Castellsagué
|first=Xavier
|accessdate=2020-07-08
}}</ref>
[[Aaron Tobian|Tobian]], 2009, claimed that "male circumcision significantly reduced the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among men in three clinical trials."<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Tobian
|first=Aaron
|author-link=Aaron Tobian
|etal=yes
|url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802556
|title=Male Circumcision for the Prevention of HSV-2 and HPV Infections and Syphilis
|journal=N Engl J Med
|volume=360
|pages=1298-1309
|DOI=10.1056/NEJMoa0802556
|date=2009-03-26
|accessdate=2020-07-08
}}</ref> The study, led by scientists from Johns Hopkins University and Makerere University in Uganda, relied on data from the same randomized control trials in Africa that already showed that circumcision cuts in half the risk of contracting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which can cause AIDS. [... and so has [http://www.circumstitions.com/HIV-SA.html the same faults] as them.]
== HPV vaccines ==