Changes

After three randomized controlled trials designed to collect experimental evidence of a causal relationship between lack of circumcision and HIV, the WHO and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) stated that male circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention but should be carried out by well trained medical professionals and under conditions of informed consent (parents consent for their infant boys), however these RCTs have been shown to be [[Bias| highly biased]]<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Green |first=L.W. |etal=yes |title=Male circumcision is not the HIV 'vaccine' we have been waiting for! |journal=Future HIV Ther. |date=2008 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=193–199}}</ref> and to have very serious, disabling methodological and statistical errors<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{REFjournal |last=Boyle |first=Gregory J. |author-link=Gregory J. Boyle |last2=Hill |first2=George |author2-link=George Hill |title=Sub-Saharan African randomised clinical trials into male circumcision and HIV transmission: Methodological, ethical and legal concerns |journal=J Law Med |date=2011-12 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=316-334 |url=http://www.salem-news.com/fms/pdf/2011-12_JLM-Boyle-Hill.pdf |quote= |pubmedID=22320006 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2020-07-15}}</ref>. Both the WHO and CDC indicate that circumcision may not reduce HIV transmission from men to women, and that data is lacking for the transmission rate of men who engage in anal sex with a female partner. The joint WHO/UNAIDS recommendation also notes that circumcision only provides partial protection from HIV and should never replace known methods of HIV prevention.