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The United States is unique because the American medical industry has been promoting the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision since the late 19th Century. As a result of the centuries-old promotion almost all American males were circumcised soon after birth from the 1930s through the 1980s. Many <ref name="laumann1996">{{REFjournal |last=Laumann |first=Edward O. |author-link= |last2=Masi |first2=CM |author2-link= |last3=Zuckerman |first3=EW |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Circumcision in the United States |trans-title= |language= |journal=JAMA |location= |date=1997 |volume=277 |issue=13 |pages=1052-7 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/laumann/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=9091693 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=}}</ref> As a result, many Americans have never seen a human foreskin and most are profoundly ignorant of its care, purposes, and functions.