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Pain
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As a result, medical doctors performed all manners of invasive, painful procedures on neonates without anesthesia or analgesia, including millions upon millions of painful circumcisions and even open heart surgery. Open heart surgery was performed with curare to paralyze the infant but without any anesthesia.
Flechsig's opinion was not questioned until the 1970s. Richards, Bernal, and Brackbill (1976) discovered behavioral differences between American boys (circumcised) and British boys (intact).<ref name="richards1976">{{REFjournal
|last=Richards
|first=M.P.M.
|author-link=
|last2=Bernal
|first2=J.F.
|author2-link=
|last3=Brackbill
|first3=Yvonne
|author3-link=
|etal=no
|title=Early behavioral differences: gender or circumcision?
|trans-title=
|language=English
|journal=Dev Psychobiol
|location=
|date=1976-01
|volume=9
|issue=1
|pages=89-95
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/brackbill/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=767183
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2020-11-13
}}</ref>
This continued for over century, at least until 1987, when the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] was forced to issue a CYA statement that called for the use of anesthesia.<ref>{{REFjournal