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Pain
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* Gunnar ''et al''. (1981) recorded serum cortisol and behavior state through the unanesthetized , non-therapeutic circumcision process. Serum cortisol levels and behavior state were found to be closely related. The authors stated:
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Neonatal circumcision is performed without anesthesia and it is clearly stressful for the infant.
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Porter, Miller & Marshall (1986) studied the nature of pain cries during unanesthetized, non-therapeutic circumcision. the cries during circumcision were found to shorter, with more more frequent vocalizations; higher peak fundamental frequencies; fewer harmonics; and greater variability of the fundamental. Adult listeners judged these cries to have an unusual degree of urgency.<ref name="porter1986">{{REFjournal
|last=Porter
|first=Fran Lang