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adjusted REFjournal
|last=Edwards
|first=Sarah
|init=S
|author-link=
|title=Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review
The treatment of balanoposthitis requires accurate diagnosis of the cause of the balanoposthitis because different treatments are required for different causes. Abdennader ''et al''. (1996) observe that such dermatological conditions as psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen sclerosus, fixed drug eruptions, and bullous diseases are ''not'' balanitis.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Abdennader
|firstinit=S
|author-link=
|last2=Casin
|first2init2=I.
|last3=Janier
|first3init3=M.
|last4=Morel
|first4init4=P.
|title=Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review
|journal=Genitourin Med
|last=Gairdner
|first=Douglas
|init=D
|author-link=Douglas Gairdner
|title=The fate of the foreskin: a study of circumcision
}}</ref> Van Howe (1997) reported data collected in his pediatric practice on 468 boys up to 18 years of age. Among boys less than three years of age, circumcised boys were significantly more likely to have a reddened meatus or balanitis.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Van Howe
|firstinit=RS
|author-link=Robert Van Howe
|title=Variability in penile appearance and penile findings: a prospective study
}}</ref> Boys who have been circumcised are likely to experience balanitis caused by exposure to ammoniacal diapers (nappies).<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Simpson
|firstinit=E.
|author-link=
|last2=Baraclough
|first2init2=P.
|title=The management of the paediatric foreskin
|journal=Australian Family Physician
}}</ref> Hsieh ''et al''. (2006), working in Taiwan, where boys are not circumcised, examined 2,149 elementary pre-adolescent schoolboys. Hsieh ''et al''. found ''only'' one case of balanitis in the intact 2,149 boys,<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Hsieh
|firstinit=T.F.TF
|author-link=
|last2=Chang
|first2init2=C.H.CH
|last3=Chang
|first3init3=S.S.SS
|title=Foreskin development before adolescence in 2149 schoolboys
|journal=Int J Urol
Birley ''et al''. (1993) report excessive washing, especially with the use of soap, will dry the oils out of tissues and cause a balanitis like inflammation. The use of soap (including body wash, shower gel, and shampoo) should be avoided.<ref name="Birley1991" >{{REFjournal
|last=Birley
|firstinit=H.D.L.HDL
|author-link=
|last2=Wasker
|first2init2=M.M.MM
|last3=Luzzi
|first3init3=G.A.GA
|etal=yes
|title=Clinical Features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and genital washing
|last=Fleiss
|first=Paul M.
|init=PM
|author-link=Paul M. Fleiss
|last2=Hodges
|first2init2=G.M.GM
|last3=Van Howe
|first3init3=R.S.RS
|title=Immunological functions of the human prepuce
|journal=Sex Trans Inf
|last=Verma
|first=Shyam B.
|init=SB
|author-link=
|last2=Molina
|first2=Uwe
|init2=U
|author2-link=
|etal=no