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Cervical cancer is caused by infection with certain types of the [[human papillomavirus]], or HPV. While other factors such as the oral contraceptive pill, smoking, a woman's immune system and the presence of other infections also seem to play a part, a woman has to have been infected with certain 'high-risk' HPV types before cervical cancer can develop.<ref name="ho1998">{{REFjournal

|last=Ho

|author-link=

|last2=Kadish

|first2=Anna S.

|author2-link=

|last3=Burk

|author3-link=

|etal=yes

|last=Castellsagué

|first=Xavier

|etal=yes

|title=Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners

|last=Ginesa

|first=Alberto

|last2=Castellsagué

|first2=Xavier

|etal=yes

|url=https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-14-75

|last=Tobian

|first=Aaron

|author-link=Aaron Tobian

|etal=yes